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Comp Exam > Patho > Flashcards

Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Which gene mutation is the worst?

A

rRNA - all ribosomal RNA will be defective

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2
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Glycolysis
in cytoplasm
1 molecule glucose –> 2 molecules ATP

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3
Q

Aerobic Respiration

A

citric acid cycle and oxidative P
in mitochon
1 mol glucose –> 34 ATP’s

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4
Q

what inhibits too much replication?

A

telomeres

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5
Q

atrophy

A

decreases in cell size

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6
Q

hypertrophy

A

increase in cell size

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7
Q

hyperplasia

A

increase in cell #

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8
Q

metaplasia

A

mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type in response to chronic irritation

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9
Q

dysplasia

A

cells vary in size and shape due to irritation

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10
Q

cell damage: ischemia

A

O2 deficit in cells due to poor blood flow

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11
Q

cell damage: hypoxia

A

O2 deficit in tissues due to poor inspiration

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12
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed death

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13
Q

necrosis

A

disrupted cell metabolism

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14
Q

what benefit is there from vitamin E

A

can help prevent damage of free radicals

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15
Q

Inflammation and Healing: First Line of Defense

A

non-specific

skin, mucous, hair, tears, saliva, blood clots, gastric juices, sweat

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16
Q

Inflammation and Healing: Second Line of Defense

A

non-specific

inflammation and phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages)

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17
Q

Inflammation and Healing: Third Line of Defense

A

specific
cell-mediated immunity
antibody production

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18
Q

Inflammation Signs

A

red, swelling, warm, pain

vasodilation and increased capillary wall permeability

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19
Q

White Blood Cells (types)

A

agranulocytes, granulocytes, mast cells, macrophages

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20
Q

Agranulocytes (types)

A

monocytes

lymphocytes

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21
Q

Granulocytes (types)

A

neutrophils (phagocytosis)
basophils (release histamine to initiate inflammation)
eosinophils (combat the effect of histamine)

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22
Q

mast cells fxn

A

release chemicals in response to injury

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23
Q

macrophages fxn

A

monocytes that have entered the tissue to be phagocytic

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24
Q

inflammation mediators

A

cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins

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25
Q

cytokines fxn

A

signaling molecules
small proteins that affect the behavior of cells
ex. - interferons

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26
Q

histamine fxn

A

vasodilation

increase capillary perm

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27
Q

bradykinin fxn

A

vasodilation
increase capillary perm
pain
chemotaxis

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28
Q

leukotrienes fxn

A

vasodilation
increase capillary perm
chemotaxis

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29
Q

prostaglandins fxn

A

vasodilation
increase cap perm
pain

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30
Q

Effects of glucocorticoids

A

decrease capillary perm and reduces the number of leukocytes and mast cells to reduce inflammation

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31
Q

types of immunity

A

humoral - antibodies

cell-mediated - lymphocytes

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32
Q

antigens

A

stimulate the immune response by producing corresponding antibodies

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33
Q

immune system components

A

bone marrow
thymus
immune cells

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34
Q

T Lymphocytes

A

made in bone marrow, mature in thymus
cell-mediated immunity
“Helper-T cells”

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35
Q

B Lymphocytes

A

made and mature in bone marrow
antibody producing plasma cells with help of T helper cells
“memory B”

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36
Q

Immune Response: Primary Exposure

A

antigen is processed and an antibody is developed

T lymphocytes are sensitized

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37
Q

Immune Response: Secondary Exposure

A

memory B cells recognize antigen and have prototype antibodies to use

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38
Q

active natural acquired immunity

A

natural exposure to antigen

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39
Q

passive natural acquired immunity

A

IgG or IgM transferred from mom to fetus

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40
Q

active artificial acquired immunity

A

antigen is purposefully introduced

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41
Q

passive artificial acquired immunity

A

injection of antibodies (short term)

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42
Q

type 1 hypersensitivity reaction

A

allergic

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43
Q

type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

antibody mediated (poor blood transfusion)

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44
Q

type 3 hypersensitivity reaction

A

immune complex mediated - antigen-antibody complex

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45
Q

type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

cell-mediated or delayed; bc T lymphocytes delayed sensitization time

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46
Q

Multiple Sclerosis def

A

autoimmune attacking brain and spinal cord resulting in demyelination of nerves in CNS

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47
Q

MS symptoms

A

changes in gait, spasticity, balance problems, changes in cognition
fatigue, vision problems, numbness, bladder/bowel dysfxn

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48
Q

Myasthenia Gravis def

A

autoimmune attacking acetylcholine receptors causing no muscle contractions

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49
Q

myasthenia gravis symptoms

A

drooping eyelids, speech impairment/hoarseness, facial paralysis, drooling, breathing/swallowing diff
heavy head/weak neck, vision probs, fatigue

50
Q

Guillian-Barre

A

autoimmune attacking PNS causing demyelination

temporary

51
Q

Fibromyalgia

A

autoimmue??
women 40-50
constant pain that is not relieved with anything
inability to relax

52
Q

RA

A

autoimmune??

symmetrical inflammation of joints

53
Q

Scleroderma

A

autoimmune attacking collagen causing skin the thicken and harden
extreme pain and weight loss

54
Q

Sjogren’s syndrome

A

autoimmune for production of fluid for eyes and mouth (stopped); usually with other diseases

55
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease def

A

autoimmune hypothyroidism

decreased T3/T4 production

56
Q

Hashimoto’s Disease sym

A

cold sensitivity, weight gain, goiter, constipation, dry skin, puffy face, fatigue, hoarse, muscle aches and stiffness, depression

57
Q

Grave’s Disease def

A

autoimmune hyperthyroidism

excess T3/T4 production

58
Q

Grave’s Disease sym

A

heat sensitivity, weight loss with increased appetite, insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, double vision, cognitive impairments, exophalmos, frequent bowlel movements, fatigue, sweating, SOA on exertion, rapid heartbeat,

59
Q

Cytomegalovirus

A

flu-like

mom to baby in delivery

60
Q

Meningitis

A

infection (bac or vir) of the brain and CNS
Sym: photophobia, severe headache, stiff neck, fever, chills, change in mental status, nausea, vomiting,
Emergency!!

61
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A

parasite from cat

mom to baby during pregs

62
Q

Histoplasmosis

A

skin or lungs (acute and chronic)

63
Q

Crutzfeldt-Jakob def

A

prion

mis-folded protein that misfolds others

64
Q

Crutzfeldt-Jakob sym

A

*rapidly progressing dementia with memory loss
*personality changes
*hallucinations
speech impairment, dyskinesia, balance problems, gait abnormality, seizures
fatal within weeks

65
Q

glial cells

A

astocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia, Schwaan

66
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

-70mV

Na+ outside and K+ inside

67
Q

depolarization

A

3 Na+ move in

68
Q

repolarization

A

2 K+ move out

69
Q

Acetylcholine

A

excitiary and inhibitary

located in PNS (ANS)

70
Q

caecholamines

A

excitatory in brain

epi, norepi, dopamine

71
Q

seratonin

A

excitatory

cns and gi

72
Q

glutamate

A

excitatory

73
Q

GABA

A

inhibitory

74
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

fight or flight stress response

75
Q

SNS preganglionic fibers

A

cholinergic

release ACh

76
Q

SNS postganglionic fibers

A

adrenergic

release noradrenaline/norepinephrine

77
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

chill
stim bladder and GI
Vagus N (CN X)

78
Q

PNS pregang and postgang fibers

A

release ACh
receptors are nicotinic or muscarinic
*pre is longer than post

79
Q

MS def

A

progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS with formation of lesions/plaques that interfere with the conduction of impulses

80
Q

MS typical pt

A

women 20-40

but can affect any gender

81
Q

MS causes

A

unknown

may be genetic, autoimmune, loss neuron blood flow, infection

82
Q

MS S/S

A

blurred vision, parasthesia, progressive weakness, loss of balance/coordination, chronic fatigue

83
Q

Parkinson’s Disease def

A

progressive degeneration of dopamine secreting neurons

84
Q

PD cause

A

primary - idiopathic

secondary - encephalitis, trauma, vascular disease, drug induced

85
Q

PD S/S

A 
resting tremor
shuffling gait
muscular rigidity
postural instability
Lew bodies
orthostatic hypotension
86
Q

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis def

A

progressive degeneration and muscle wasting of lateral corticopintal tract affecting motor neurons

87
Q

ALS typical pt

A

males, 40-60

88
Q

ALS S/S

A

Upper Motor Neuron - hyperreflexia and spastic paralysis
Lower Motor Neuron - hyporeflexia and flaccid paralysis, hypotonicity
stumbling and falling
eventual respiratory dysfxn

89
Q

Myasthenia Gravis def

A

autoantibodies against ACh receptors to decrease mus contraction

90
Q

MG S/S

A

muscle weakness in face/eyes

difficulty swallowing and chewing

91
Q

Huntington’s def

A

progressive neurodegenerative disorder

autosomal dominatnt from chrom 4 - depletion of GABA receptors causes atrophy of brain

92
Q

Huntington’s S/S

A

huntington’s chorea: rapid, jerky involuntary movements

93
Q

Dementia Def and S/S

A

Def: progressive chronic disease with decreased cortical fxn

S/S: impaired cognition, thinking, judgment, memory loss, confusion

94
Q

Alzheimer’s def and S/S

A

Def: progressive cortical atrophy with formation of amyloid plaques and ACh deficit
S/S: smaller brain

95
Q

Complex Regional Pain Syndrome def

A

abnormal activity of SNS causing pain in one region/extremity out of proportion to injury

96
Q

Rickets/Osteomalacia def

A

Children/Adults - vit D def that causes bone softening

97
Q

Paget’s Disease def

A

excessive bone destruction and replacement by fibrous tissue

98
Q

Osteogenesis imperfecta

A

“brittle bone disease”
autosomal dominant mutation of collage I gene
short and blue sclera

99
Q

Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease

A

avascular necrosis of femoral head

boys 2-12

100
Q

osteomyelitis

A

infection of bone s. aureus

101
Q

Tests for hop dysplasia

A

Barlows (adduct and push down) to Ortolani (flex past 90 and abduct)

102
Q

Talipes Equinovarus

A

club foot

median stuff is tight

103
Q

Pott’s disease

A

TB of bone

104
Q

MD Def

A

degeneration/death of skeletal muscle over time

105
Q

MD cause

A

mutation of gene for dystrophin

106
Q

MD s/s

A

hypertrophic appearance of mus

107
Q

Volkmann’s Ischemic contracture

A

loss of blood supply to forearm usually follwing fx

s/s: mus necrosis, sudden onset of pain, cyanosis of fingers, contractures of fdp and fpl

108
Q

myositis

A

inflammation of muscles

109
Q

OA

A

degenerative

110
Q

RA

A

potentailly autoimmune

111
Q

gout

A

deposits of uric acid and crystals

most commonly big toe

112
Q

ankylosing spondylitis

A

chronic progression of inflammatory autoimmunity starting at SI joint and typically thoracic

113
Q

systemic lupus erythematosus

A

autoimmune depositing of immune complexes in vessel walls and atrophy of mus cells
butterfly rash, fatigue,

114
Q

tonic clonic seizures

A

rigidy, mus jerksl blue skin, incontinence

115
Q

absent seizures

A

blank stare, children, unaware, learning disorders

116
Q

myoclonic

A

sudden brief massive muscles jerk involving the whole body

117
Q

atonic

A

legs suddenly collapse

118
Q

infantie

A

3mo-2yrs

head falls forward, arms flex

119
Q

3 main symptoms of PTSD

A

flashbacks
avoidance
emotional detachment from other

120
Q

What is different about bipolar disorder in children than adults?

A

manic phases are more likely to be irritable and destructive

depressive phases consist of many physical complaints

Comp Exam (5 decks)

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