Patho Flashcards
Which gene mutation is the worst?
rRNA - all ribosomal RNA will be defective
Anaerobic Respiration
Glycolysis
in cytoplasm
1 molecule glucose –> 2 molecules ATP
Aerobic Respiration
citric acid cycle and oxidative P
in mitochon
1 mol glucose –> 34 ATP’s
what inhibits too much replication?
telomeres
atrophy
decreases in cell size
hypertrophy
increase in cell size
hyperplasia
increase in cell #
metaplasia
mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type in response to chronic irritation
dysplasia
cells vary in size and shape due to irritation
cell damage: ischemia
O2 deficit in cells due to poor blood flow
cell damage: hypoxia
O2 deficit in tissues due to poor inspiration
apoptosis
programmed death
necrosis
disrupted cell metabolism
what benefit is there from vitamin E
can help prevent damage of free radicals
Inflammation and Healing: First Line of Defense
non-specific
skin, mucous, hair, tears, saliva, blood clots, gastric juices, sweat
Inflammation and Healing: Second Line of Defense
non-specific
inflammation and phagocytosis (neutrophils and macrophages)
Inflammation and Healing: Third Line of Defense
specific
cell-mediated immunity
antibody production
Inflammation Signs
red, swelling, warm, pain
vasodilation and increased capillary wall permeability
White Blood Cells (types)
agranulocytes, granulocytes, mast cells, macrophages
Agranulocytes (types)
monocytes
lymphocytes
Granulocytes (types)
neutrophils (phagocytosis)
basophils (release histamine to initiate inflammation)
eosinophils (combat the effect of histamine)
mast cells fxn
release chemicals in response to injury
macrophages fxn
monocytes that have entered the tissue to be phagocytic
inflammation mediators
cytokines, histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, prostaglandins
cytokines fxn
signaling molecules
small proteins that affect the behavior of cells
ex. - interferons
histamine fxn
vasodilation
increase capillary perm
bradykinin fxn
vasodilation
increase capillary perm
pain
chemotaxis
leukotrienes fxn
vasodilation
increase capillary perm
chemotaxis
prostaglandins fxn
vasodilation
increase cap perm
pain
Effects of glucocorticoids
decrease capillary perm and reduces the number of leukocytes and mast cells to reduce inflammation
types of immunity
humoral - antibodies
cell-mediated - lymphocytes
antigens
stimulate the immune response by producing corresponding antibodies
immune system components
bone marrow
thymus
immune cells
T Lymphocytes
made in bone marrow, mature in thymus
cell-mediated immunity
“Helper-T cells”
B Lymphocytes
made and mature in bone marrow
antibody producing plasma cells with help of T helper cells
“memory B”
Immune Response: Primary Exposure
antigen is processed and an antibody is developed
T lymphocytes are sensitized
Immune Response: Secondary Exposure
memory B cells recognize antigen and have prototype antibodies to use
active natural acquired immunity
natural exposure to antigen
passive natural acquired immunity
IgG or IgM transferred from mom to fetus
active artificial acquired immunity
antigen is purposefully introduced
passive artificial acquired immunity
injection of antibodies (short term)
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
allergic
type 2 hypersensitivity reaction
antibody mediated (poor blood transfusion)
type 3 hypersensitivity reaction
immune complex mediated - antigen-antibody complex
type 4 hypersensitivity reaction
cell-mediated or delayed; bc T lymphocytes delayed sensitization time
Multiple Sclerosis def
autoimmune attacking brain and spinal cord resulting in demyelination of nerves in CNS
MS symptoms
changes in gait, spasticity, balance problems, changes in cognition
fatigue, vision problems, numbness, bladder/bowel dysfxn
Myasthenia Gravis def
autoimmune attacking acetylcholine receptors causing no muscle contractions
myasthenia gravis symptoms
drooping eyelids, speech impairment/hoarseness, facial paralysis, drooling, breathing/swallowing diff
heavy head/weak neck, vision probs, fatigue
Guillian-Barre
autoimmune attacking PNS causing demyelination
temporary
Fibromyalgia
autoimmue??
women 40-50
constant pain that is not relieved with anything
inability to relax
RA
autoimmune??
symmetrical inflammation of joints
Scleroderma
autoimmune attacking collagen causing skin the thicken and harden
extreme pain and weight loss
Sjogren’s syndrome
autoimmune for production of fluid for eyes and mouth (stopped); usually with other diseases
Hashimoto’s Disease def
autoimmune hypothyroidism
decreased T3/T4 production
Hashimoto’s Disease sym
cold sensitivity, weight gain, goiter, constipation, dry skin, puffy face, fatigue, hoarse, muscle aches and stiffness, depression
Grave’s Disease def
autoimmune hyperthyroidism
excess T3/T4 production
Grave’s Disease sym
heat sensitivity, weight loss with increased appetite, insomnia, restlessness, anxiety, double vision, cognitive impairments, exophalmos, frequent bowlel movements, fatigue, sweating, SOA on exertion, rapid heartbeat,
Cytomegalovirus
flu-like
mom to baby in delivery
Meningitis
infection (bac or vir) of the brain and CNS
Sym: photophobia, severe headache, stiff neck, fever, chills, change in mental status, nausea, vomiting,
Emergency!!
Toxoplasmosis
parasite from cat
mom to baby during pregs
Histoplasmosis
skin or lungs (acute and chronic)
Crutzfeldt-Jakob def
prion
mis-folded protein that misfolds others
Crutzfeldt-Jakob sym
*rapidly progressing dementia with memory loss
*personality changes
*hallucinations
speech impairment, dyskinesia, balance problems, gait abnormality, seizures
fatal within weeks
glial cells
astocytes, oligodendroglia, microglia, Schwaan
Resting membrane potential
-70mV
Na+ outside and K+ inside
depolarization
3 Na+ move in
repolarization
2 K+ move out
Acetylcholine
excitiary and inhibitary
located in PNS (ANS)
caecholamines
excitatory in brain
epi, norepi, dopamine
seratonin
excitatory
cns and gi
glutamate
excitatory
GABA
inhibitory
Sympathetic nervous system
fight or flight stress response
SNS preganglionic fibers
cholinergic
release ACh
SNS postganglionic fibers
adrenergic
release noradrenaline/norepinephrine
Parasympathetic NS
chill
stim bladder and GI
Vagus N (CN X)
PNS pregang and postgang fibers
release ACh
receptors are nicotinic or muscarinic
*pre is longer than post
MS def
progressive demyelination of neurons in the CNS with formation of lesions/plaques that interfere with the conduction of impulses
MS typical pt
women 20-40
but can affect any gender
MS causes
unknown
may be genetic, autoimmune, loss neuron blood flow, infection
MS S/S
blurred vision, parasthesia, progressive weakness, loss of balance/coordination, chronic fatigue
Parkinson’s Disease def
progressive degeneration of dopamine secreting neurons
PD cause
primary - idiopathic
secondary - encephalitis, trauma, vascular disease, drug induced
PD S/S
resting tremor shuffling gait muscular rigidity postural instability Lew bodies orthostatic hypotension
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis def
progressive degeneration and muscle wasting of lateral corticopintal tract affecting motor neurons
ALS typical pt
males, 40-60
ALS S/S
Upper Motor Neuron - hyperreflexia and spastic paralysis
Lower Motor Neuron - hyporeflexia and flaccid paralysis, hypotonicity
stumbling and falling
eventual respiratory dysfxn
Myasthenia Gravis def
autoantibodies against ACh receptors to decrease mus contraction
MG S/S
muscle weakness in face/eyes
difficulty swallowing and chewing
Huntington’s def
progressive neurodegenerative disorder
autosomal dominatnt from chrom 4 - depletion of GABA receptors causes atrophy of brain
Huntington’s S/S
huntington’s chorea: rapid, jerky involuntary movements
Dementia Def and S/S
Def: progressive chronic disease with decreased cortical fxn
S/S: impaired cognition, thinking, judgment, memory loss, confusion
Alzheimer’s def and S/S
Def: progressive cortical atrophy with formation of amyloid plaques and ACh deficit
S/S: smaller brain
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome def
abnormal activity of SNS causing pain in one region/extremity out of proportion to injury
Rickets/Osteomalacia def
Children/Adults - vit D def that causes bone softening
Paget’s Disease def
excessive bone destruction and replacement by fibrous tissue
Osteogenesis imperfecta
“brittle bone disease”
autosomal dominant mutation of collage I gene
short and blue sclera
Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease
avascular necrosis of femoral head
boys 2-12
osteomyelitis
infection of bone s. aureus
Tests for hop dysplasia
Barlows (adduct and push down) to Ortolani (flex past 90 and abduct)
Talipes Equinovarus
club foot
median stuff is tight
Pott’s disease
TB of bone
MD Def
degeneration/death of skeletal muscle over time
MD cause
mutation of gene for dystrophin
MD s/s
hypertrophic appearance of mus
Volkmann’s Ischemic contracture
loss of blood supply to forearm usually follwing fx
s/s: mus necrosis, sudden onset of pain, cyanosis of fingers, contractures of fdp and fpl
myositis
inflammation of muscles
OA
degenerative
RA
potentailly autoimmune
gout
deposits of uric acid and crystals
most commonly big toe
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic progression of inflammatory autoimmunity starting at SI joint and typically thoracic
systemic lupus erythematosus
autoimmune depositing of immune complexes in vessel walls and atrophy of mus cells
butterfly rash, fatigue,
tonic clonic seizures
rigidy, mus jerksl blue skin, incontinence
absent seizures
blank stare, children, unaware, learning disorders
myoclonic
sudden brief massive muscles jerk involving the whole body
atonic
legs suddenly collapse
infantie
3mo-2yrs
head falls forward, arms flex
3 main symptoms of PTSD
flashbacks
avoidance
emotional detachment from other
What is different about bipolar disorder in children than adults?
manic phases are more likely to be irritable and destructive
depressive phases consist of many physical complaints
