patho

Question 1

General shock

Answer 1

Chain of events leading to reduced tissue perfusion, leading to impairment of cellular metabolism

Question 2

Neurological shock

Answer 2

Extreme decrease in sympathetic control below the level of injury, as pre/post ganglionic neurons are focused in the spinal column. Lack of sympathetic tone leads to venous dilation, and reduced PVR. Causes blood pooling, and reduced venous return and output., poor perfusion.

Question 3

Hypovolaemic shock

Answer 3

Relative/absolute fluid loss. Whether internal or external, fluid loss causes inadequate tissue perfusion and ischaemia. Decreased SV due to lack of fluid decreases CO. HR increases to compensate but by increasing workload it requires more tissue perfusion.

Question 4

Triade of Death

Answer 4

Hypothermia <=> Coagulopathy <=> Acidosis

Question 5

Tension pneumothorax

Answer 5

When there is a hole/tear in the pleura lining, air fills the pleural space with every inhaled breath. Inflated and occludes the lungs and surrounding blood vessels. As inhaled air fills the pleura, reduced oxygen for gas exchange.

Question 6

Primary brain injury vs secondary brain injury

Answer 6

Primary brain injury is the actual contusion or blunt force, with secondary brain injury is a byproduct, such as hypoxia or hypotension causing brain cell death.

Question 7

Clotting process

Answer 7

Clotting cascade

Quick-clot is made of kaolin, activates clotting cascade

Question 8

CO = SV x HR

Answer 8

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
if stroke volume decreases, heart rate increases
if heart rate decreases, stroke volume increases

Question 9

CPP = MAP - ICP

Answer 9

cerebral pulmonary perfusion = mean arterial pressure – intercranial pressure