PATHfit Reviewer Flashcards by Reign Ulan

Study of the structure and function of muscles in the human body.

Muscle Anatomy

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Key components of muscles

Muscle Fibers
Fascia
Tendons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Basic building blocks of muscles.

Muscle Fibers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Long cylindrical cells that contains specialized proteins that contract and relax to produce movement

Myofibrils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Refers to the connective tissue that surrounds and separate muscles and other internal structures.

Fascia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Are strong fibrous connective tissue that connect muscles to bones. They transfer the force generated by muscle contraction to produce movement.

Tendons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Types of muscles

Cardiac muscles
Skeletal muscles
Smooth muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Only found in the heart. They are responsible for the contraction and popping of the heart. Helping to circulate blood throughout the body.

Cardiac muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attached to the bones and help the body move. They are under voluntary control and are the most common type of muscles in the human body.

Skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Found in the walls of internal organs such as the stomach intestines and blood vessels. They move involuntary and control various internal processes.

Smooth muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Functions of muscles

Movement
Stability and posture
Heat production
Protection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Contracting and relaxing and response to nerve signals. This allow for locomotion, maintaining posture, in carrying out voluntary activities.

Movement

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscles provides the ability and support to the skeletal system, allowing individuals to maintain balance and posture.

Stability and posture

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscle contractions generate heat, contributing to body temperature.

Heat production

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Muscle protect vital organs, such as the heart and lungs, by forming layers of muscles tissues around them.

Protection

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The nervous system signals the muscles to contract, and calcium is released to trigger actin myosin interaction

Contraction process

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

After the nervous signal ceases, the calcium is reabsorbed, in the muscle fibers return to this original state.

Relaxation process

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Common muscle injuries

Sprain
Strain
Muscle tears

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Can occur due to over exertion improper use of muscles or insufficient warm up

Muscle tears

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Prevention tips

Proper warm up
Maintain good posture
Regular stretching

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How many muscles in the human body

About 600 muscles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The largest muscles in the body

Gluteus maximus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Strongest muscles in the body

Masseter

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

A muscle within the ear. The smallest muscle in the body

Stapedius

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The weakest muscle in the body

Stapedius

A partial or complete break in the bone

Fracture

A separation of two bones where they meet at a joint

Dislocation

An injury to the ligament around a joint

Sprain

When a muscle or tendon is stretched too far

Strain

Muscle to bone

Tendon

Muscle to muscle

Ligaments

How muscle moves

Cerebral cortex Spinal nerves Muscle innervation

A structure deep in your brain, acts as body smart control coordinating center

Hypothalamus

Various actions or motions that can be performed by the body's joints and muscles

Anatomical movement

Bending movement that decreases the angle between two body parts. Occurs in sagittal plane

Flexion

Straightening or increasing the angle between two body parts. Occurs in sagittal plane

Extension

Bending or tilting a body sideways. Occurs in frontal plane

Lateral flexion

Takes a body part away from the midline of the body. Occurs in frontal plane

Abduction

Brings a body part closer to the midline of the body. Occurs in frontal plane

Adduction

Movement of a body part around its own axis

Rotation

Rotating a body part towards the midline of the body or its axis. Occurs in transverse plane

Internal rotation

Rotating a body part away from the midline of the body or its axis. Occurs in transverse plane

External rotation

Complex movement that combines flexion extension abduction and adduction. Moving a body part in a circular motion

Circumduction

Movement of the forearm where the palm faces upward or anteriorly

Supination

Rotation of the forearm where the palm faces downwards or posteriorly

Pronation

Lowering or moving a body part inferiorly or downward. Occurs in frontal plane

Depression

Racing or lifting a body parts superiorly or vertically. Occurs in frontal

Elevation

Extending a joint beyond its normal range of motion in the direction opposite of flexion.

Hyperextension

Used to orient the position of a body part in relation to the rest of the body

Anatomical direction

Above or towards the head

Superior

Below or towards the feet

Inferior

Closer to an attached area or trunk

Proximal

Further from an attached area or trunk

Distal

Towards the midline

Medial

Away from the midline

Lateral

Front of the body

Back of the body

Posterior

Anatomical planes

Frontal plane Sagittal plane Transverse plane

Divides front from back

Frontal plane

Divides left from right

Sagittal plane

Divide horizontally creating inferior and superior sections

Transverse plane

Movement of the pad of the thumb to touch another finger

Opposition

Reversal of opposition

Reposition

Pushing or pointing the toes and the ball of the foot down towards the ground

Plantar flexion

Standing on the hill of the foot toes are pointing up toward the sky

Dorsiflexion

Moving the photo turn the sole inwards

Inversion

Moving the foot to turn the sole outward

Eversion

Moving a body part forward

Protraction

Moving a body part backward

Retraction

Capacity of the body to do activities without exhaustion

Physical fitness

Basic components of fitness

Health related fitness components Skill related fitness components

Health related fitness component

Cardiovascular endurance Muscular strength Muscular endurance Flexibility Body composition

Skills related fitness

Speed Power Reaction time Coordination Balance Agility

Total capacity of the heart and lungs to do lengthy activities without getting tired

Cardiovascular endurance

Ability of muscles to overcome the resistance

Muscular strength

Capacity of joints to stretch maximum

Flexibility

Muscles ability to do lengthy activities

Muscular endurance

Percentage of fat water and muscles in the human body

Body composition

Ability to move as fast as possible

Speed

Ability to use muscular strength quickly

Power

The time elapsed between stimuli and response. reaction is the ability to react quickly to a stimuli

Reaction time

The ability to make movements work together

Coordination

Ability to control the body in standing moving and performing position

Balance

Ability of the body to change the direction

Agility

Refers to the idea that training should be specific to the activity or skill being trained

Specificity

Also known as SAID

Specificity

Specificity applies to

Muscle and movements Energy systems Speed of movement

When you gradually increase the weight frequency or number of repetition

Progressive overload

FITT

Frequency intensity time type

Number of times exercise is undertaken in a week

Frequency

Level of difficulty of the exercise

Intensity

Refers to how long an exercise sessions last

Time

Refers to the variety of training a performer undertakes

Type

States that each person is unique and therefore everyone's response that they experience toward exercise is different

Individual differences/needs

What are the things to consider in individual differences or needs

Athlete's genetic Fitness Skills Adaptability Experience

Increases the risk of injury and illness and can decrease how will you perform

Overtraining

Two types of recovery

Passive recovery Active recovery

Taking the entire day of from exercise

Passive recovery

Engage in a low intensity exercise, praising minimal stress on the body

Active recovery

How a person loses fitness advancement or gains when they stop exercising

Reversibility

The rate at which fitness gains are reversed

Reversibility

Types of somatotype

Endomorph Mesomorph Ectomorph

Characterized by overweight or obese. Described as having around, low muscle mass, short limbs, when the large head

Endomorph

Describe as muscular body type. Have white shoulder and narrow hips, moderate bone mass, low fat levels.

Mesomorph

Individuals with long lean muscle arms and legs. Characterized by low levels of fat storage and an overall inability to gain weight and develop muscle mass.

Ectomorph