path respiratory - formatted

Question 1

1. 1.APRIL02 Which of the following best describes the most common macroscopic’ appearance of bronchioalveolar carcinoma of the lung?
2. Central hilar mass
3. Peripheral solitary mass favouring the upper lobes
4. Peripheral mass, usually as multiple diffuse nodules with tendency to coalescence
5. Central area of ill-defined consolidation
6. Bilateral ill-defined unresolving multifocal consolidation

Answer 1

**AJV: SHIT QUESTION!!!!!!!!, waste my time with this shit.

no longer called bronchioalveolar carcinoma. Now called Adenocarcinoma in-situ.
- no macroscopic description in Robbins.
- Robbins “lesion <3 cm, composed entirely of dysplastic cells growing along preexisting alveolar septae”
- Statdx: “GGN or part-solid nodule <3 cm”, “purely lepidic growth.
- no lobar association.

• LW: Robbins states “BAC involve peripheral parts of lung as either single nodule, or more often as multiple diffuse nodules that may coalesce to produce pneumonia like consolidation” hence answer 3 is preferred.
  2. Peripheral solitary mass favouring the upper lobes 3. Peripheral mass, usually as multiple diffuse nodules with tendency to coalescence Adenocarcinomas in situ (AIS) of the lung refer to a relatively new entity for a pre-invasive lesion in the lung. This entity partly replaces the noninvasive end of the previous term bronchoalveolar carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma in situ is defined as a localised adenocarcinoma of <3 cm that exhibits a lepidic growth pattern, with neoplastic cells along the alveolar structures but without stromal, vascular, or pleural invasion 1.- < 3 cm- no invasion- lepidic growth

Question 2

2. 2.APRIL02 Lung carcinomas are associated with the following paraneoplastic syndromes, with the EXCEPTION of:
3. Lambert-Eaton syndrome (a myasthenia like syndrome)
4. Hypocalcaemia
5. Gynaecomastia.
6. Low serum sodium
7. Horner syndrome

Answer 2

5. Horner syndrome (not paraneoplastic syndrome)
   * *Promethius: “nice try fuckers”

• LW:
• cushing syndrome –> ACTH
• carcinoid syndrome –> serotinin and bradykinin
• Hypocalceamia –> calcitonin
• hypoglycaemia
• PTHrP –>hypercalcaemia
• SIADH –> low Na++
• Eaton Lambert syndrome
• limbic encephalitis
• gynacomasteia –> gonadotrophins.

Question 3

APRIL02 Concerning mesothelioma, Which of the following statements IS INCORRECT:

1. Asbestos workers who smoke have a greater risk of developing mesothelioma than those who do not smoke
2. The epithelial form has a better prognosis than the sarcomatous form
3. Tumour characteristically extends into the fissures
4. Tumour can arise from the parietal or the visceral pleura
5. There is a greater risk of developing the tumour with the crocidolite-type of asbestos fibre than anthophyllite.

Answer 3

1. Asbestos workers who smoke have a greater risk of developing mesothelioma than those who do not smoke

Mesothelioma, also known as malignant mesothelioma, is an aggressive malignant tumour of the mesothelium. Most tumours arise from the pleura, either from the visceral or parietal pleura.
Given the presence of the mesothelium in different parts of the body, mesothelioma can arise in various locations pleural mesothelioma (~90%) peritoneal mesothelioma (~10%) pericardial mesothelioma (<1%) cystic/multicystic mesotheliomatunica vaginalis testis mesothelioma (<1%)
asbestos-fibre exposure: causes majority of caseserionite-fibre exposure: naturally occurring mineral used in building, particularly in Turkey
simian virus 40 (SV40) radiation exposure
epithelial: ~60%
mixed: 25%
sarcomatoid: 15%

Epithelioid is the most common, followed by biphasic and sarcomatoid respectively. Histologic subtype has significant implications for prognosis, with the poorest outcomes observed for sarcomatoid tumors.

There seems to be no increased risk of mesothelioma in asbestos workers who smoke. This is in contrast to the risk of asbestos-related lung carcinoma, already high, which is markedly magnified by smoking. Thus, for asbestos workers (particularly those who are also smokers), the risk of dying of lung carcinoma far exceeds that of developing mesothelioma.

Question 4

4. 4.APRIL02 Concerning bronchogenic carcinoma, which of the following statements is correct?
5. Adenocarcinoma has the strongest correlation with smoking.
6. Squamous cell carcinoma is the histologic sub-type that most often produce para-neoplastic syndrome
7. Small cell carcinoma is most responsive to chemotherapy
8. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is a sub-type of large cell carcinoma
9. There is no increased risk of developing the tumour in asbestos workers

Answer 4

3. Small cell carcinoma is most responsive to chemotherapy (Small cell is sensitive to radiotherapy & chemotherapy, with potential cure rates of 15 – 25 % for localized disease)

APRIL02 Concerning bronchogenic carcinoma, which of the following statements is correct?

1. Adenocarcinoma has the strongest correlation with smoking. (Small cell > Squamous show strongest association with Smoking)
2. Squamous cell carcinoma is the histologic sub-type that most often produce para-neoplastic syndrome (Small cell)
3. Small cell carcinoma is most responsive to chemotherapy (Small cell is sensitive to radiotherapy & chemotherapy, with potential cure rates of 15 – 25 % for localized disease. However, most patients with small cell carcinoma have distant metastases at diagnosis. Thus, even with treatment, the mean survival after diagnosis is only about 1 year.)
4. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is a sub-type of large cell carcinoma (F - adenocarcinoma)
5. There is no increased risk of developing the tumour in asbestos workers (F- Asbestos exposure also increases the risk for lung cancer development. The latent period before the development of lung cancer is 10 to 30 years. Lung cancer is the most frequent malignancy in individuals exposed to asbestos, particularly when coupled with smoking. Asbestos workers who do not smoke have a five-fold greater risk of developing lung cancer than do nonsmoking control subjects, and those who smoke have a 55-fold greater risk.)

Question 5

5. 13.02.51 The following are not associated with primary TB
6. Consolidation
7. Lung disease of secondary TB worse than primary
8. Ghon complex defined as the pulmonary lesion only

Answer 5

3. Ghon complex defined as the pulmonary lesion only

= calcifed parenchymal focus (Ghon focus) + node
NB: ranke = gohn + calcified LN

Question 6

6. 5.APRIL02 Concerning pulmonary tuberculosis, which of the following statements IS INCORRECT?
7. Primary infection is usually asymptomatic
8. The Ghon focus is characteristic of post-primary (secondary) tuberculosis
9. Cavitation is characteristically seen in reactivation of tuberculosis
10. In miliary tuberculosis, grey-white nodules are scattered throughout the lung parenchyma and the pleura
11. Bronchial stenosis is a complication

Answer 6

2. The Ghon focus is characteristic of post-primary (secondary) tuberculosis (Initial focus of 1° infection = Ghon complex)

*LW:
Gohn Focus = primary infection of bacilli causing small inflammatory consolidation focus.
Gohn compex = Combination of parenchymal lung lesion (Gohn focus) and nodal involvement.
Ranke complex = Progressive fibrosis of Gohn complex, becoming radiologically calcified.

6. 5.APRIL02 Concerning pulmonary tuberculosis, which of the following statements IS INCORRECT?
7. Primary infection is usually asymptomatic (Usually progresses to fibrosis & calcification (asymptomatic)
8. The Ghon focus is characteristic of post-primary (secondary) tuberculosis (Initial focus of 1° infection = Ghon complex)
9. Cavitation is characteristically seen in reactivation of tuberculosis (Erosion into a bronchiole & drainage of caseous focus → CAVITY)
10. In miliary tuberculosis, grey-white nodules are scattered throughout the lung parenchyma and the pleura
11. Bronchial stenosis is a complication

Question 7

7. 6.APRIL02 A patient with known coal worker’s pneumoconiosis has a CXR. They have increased risk of all of the following conditions WITH THE EXCEPTION of:
8. Tuberculosis
9. Bronchogenic carcinoma
10. Progressive massive fibrosis
11. Chronic bronchitis
12. Emphysema

Answer 7

AJV: Shit question (probably old).

From robbins
- No increased risk for TB
- No increased predispositions for lung Ca.
- No association with chronic bronchitis.

• <10% develop progressive massive fibrosis leading to pHTN and cor pulmonae
• Can sometimes give rise to centrilobular emphysema.

Question 8

8. 7.APRIL02 Concerning bacterial pneumonia, which of the following statements IS INCORRECT?
9. Klebsiella pneumoniae causes lobar pneumonia with abundant inflammatory exudate
10. Streptococcus pyogenes is the commonest cause of community-acquired pneumonia
11. Haemophilus influenzae causes round pneumonia
12. Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia is associated with abscess formation
13. Haemorrhagic oedema of hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes is characteristic of inhalational anthrax

Answer 8

2. Streptococcus pyogenes

Question 9

9. 8.APRIL02 A patient with known asbestos exposure has an abnormal CXR. Which of the following conditions IS NOT asbestos related?
10. Pleural effusion
11. Non calcified pleural plaques
12. Laryngeal carcinoma
13. Bronchogenic carcinoma
14. Pulmonary microlithiasis

Answer 9

5. Pulmonary microlithiasis

Question 10

10. 9.APRIL02 Which of the following statements concerning asbestos exposure IS LEAST correct?
11. There is an increased incidence of carcinoma in families of asbestos workers
12. Histologically asbestosis is characterised by a diffuse basal pulmonary fibrosis with visible asbestos fibres encased in an ironcontaining proteinaceous coating.
13. The pulmonary fibrosis begins around the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts.
14. Macroscopic nodule formation may occur in patients with rheumatoid disease
15. While the risk is markedly increased the overall lifetime incidence of mesothelioma with heavy asbestos exposure remains low – in the order of 1 in 1000.

Answer 10

A: LEAST CORRECT: While the risk is markedly increased the overall lifetime incidence of mesothelioma with heavy asbestos exposure remains low – in the order of 1 in 1000.

Actual fact is: The lifetime risk of developing mesothelioma in heavily exposed individuals is as high as 7-10% (1 in 100). There is a long latent period of 25-45 years for the development of asbestos-related mesothelioma, and there seems to be no increased risk of mesothelioma in asbestos workers who smoke.

Question 11

11. 10.APRIL02 A 68-year-old man has a suspected primary left bronchogenic carcinoma. Which of the, following aspects of a radiological report HAS NO OR LEAST relevance to staging?
12. Tumour size greater or less than 5 cm
13. Involvement of regional intrapulmonary nodes (separate to hilar or mediastinal nodes)
14. Side of any mediastinal node enlargement
15. Distance from the carina
16. Presence of lobar collapse

Answer 11

2. Involvement of regional intrapulmonary nodes (separate to hilar or mediastinal nodes) +/- involvement means that it goes from N0 to N1 can’ remember this as a part of staging system

**LJS - intrapulmonary nodes = N1, so does have relevance. Old question, previously distance to carina was important, now only involvement of carina is (8th edition staging). If this were asked now, distance from carina would be least true

Question 12

12. 13.02.06 Coal workers pneumoconiosis on 6 months follow up chest x-ray least likely finding ? Rob p269
13. TB
14. PMF
15. Bronchial Ca
16. Caplan’s syndrome
17. Pulmonary HT

Answer 12

1. TB: *LW: robbins states unlike silicosis, there is no convincing evidence that coal dust increases susceptibility to TB: so this is also false
2. Bronchial Ca (No ↑ risk of lung cancer)
   * LW agrees.
3. 13.02.06 Coal workers pneumoconiosis on 6 months follow up chest x-ray least likely finding ? Rob p269

Previous answers:
1. TB (Incidence of TB increased)

2. PMF
3. Bronchial Ca (No ↑ risk of lung cancer)
4. Caplan’s syndrome (Occurs in patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis & pneumoconiosis)
5. Pulmonary HT (Involvement of pulmonary vasculature by scarring → pulmonary hypertension & cor pulmonale)

Question 13

13. 13.03.02 Patient with suspected C. psittacosis for HRCT ? Rob p310-311, 483
14. Inflammation – histiocytes/lymphocytes confined to alveolar walls
15. Neutrophilic exudate within alveoli
16. Grey/white slough on bronchial walls
17. Mucous plugging and areas of atelectasis

Answer 13

1. Inflammation – histiocytes/lymphocytes confined to alveolar walls

• C. psittaci is excreted from infected birds and inhaled with dust particles.
• Although human infection may be asymptomatic or mild, C. psittaci also causes a severe pneumonia, also known as ornithosis.
• Lethal generalized disease, most frequent during epidemics, is marked by focal areas of necrosis in the liver and spleen and diffuse mononuclear infiltrates in the kidneys, heart, and (sometimes) brain.
• The alveolar septa are widened and edematous and usually have a mononuclear inflammatory infiltrate of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and occasionally plasma cells.
• In acute cases, neutrophils may also be present.
• The alveoli may be free from exudate, but in many patients there are intra-alveolar proteinaceous material, a cellular exudate, and characteristically pink hyaline membranes lining the alveolar walls, similar to those seen in hyaline membrane disease of infants.
• These changes reflect alveolar damage similar to that seen diffusely in ARDS.
• Subsidence of the disease is followed by reconstitution of the native architecture

Question 14

14. 13.03.41 In pure emphysema VS pure chronic bronchitis? Rob p459
15. Emphysema occurs younger
16. Chronic bronchitis more likely to have cardiomegaly
17. Elastic recoil is preserved in emphysema
18. bronchitis earlier and more short of breath
19. cor pulmonale more common in emphysema

Answer 14

2. Chronic bronchitis more likely to have cardiomegaly (Emphysema small heart vs Bronchitis large heart)
3. 13.03.41 In pure emphysema VS pure chronic bronchitis? BRob p459
4. Emphysema occurs younger (Emphysema 50-75 vs Bronchitis 40-45)
5. Chronic bronchitis more likely to have cardiomegaly (Emphysema small heart vs Bronchitis large heart)
6. Elastic recoil is preserved in emphysema
7. bronchitis earlier and more short of breath (Dyspnoea - Emphysema severe:early vs Bronchitis mild late)
8. cor pulmonale more common in emphysema (Emphysema Rare: terminal vs Bronchitis common)

Question 15

15. 13.03.42 DEFINITION of chronic bronchitis is ? Rob p463

1. Productive cough in 3 consecutive months over for 2 consecutive years

Answer 15

1. Productive cough in 3 consecutive months over for 2 consecutive years

Question 16

16. 5.03.40 Young female with tufts of capillary formation? Rob p130
17. Primary pulmonary hypertension
18. Goodpastures
19. SLE
20. Recurrent thromboemboli

Answer 16

1. Primary pulmonary hypertension

• Plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy in primary pulmonary hypertension.
Plexogenic arteriopathy has been a term used to describe a constellation of vascular changes occurring in those with pulmonary arterial hypertension. It is considered the histologic hallmark of idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension; it is seen in approximately 75% of cases

The term for the clinical situation has not been largely replaced by idiopathic pulmonary hypertension.

chest CT, may been seen as small, tortuous peripheral arteries without a significant connection to pulmonary veins.
Features of background pulmonary hypertension may also be present.
features of pulmonary hypertension on CT- dilated pulmonary trunk- peripheral pruning and tortuousity of pulmonary arteries- right ventricular dilation and/ or hypertrophy- interventricular septal flattening/ bowing- right atrial dilation

Question 17

17. 13.02.10 Definition of Bronchiectasis ? Rob 464
18. Permanent dilatation bronchus and bronchioles > accompanying arterioles
19. Permanent dilatation bronchus and bronchioles > 1.1 accompanying arterioles
20. Chronic Permanent dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic supporting tissue, resulting from or associated with necrotizing infection of bronchus and bronchioles
21. Chronic infection of bronchus and bronchioles
22. Cylindrical saccular, varicose dilation of bronchus and bronchioles

Answer 17

3. Chronic Permanent dilatation of the bronchi and bronchioles caused by destruction of the muscle and elastic supporting tissue, resulting from or associated with necrotizing infection of bronchus and bronchioles

Question 18

18. 13.03.38 ARDS takes a long time to resolve because Rob p466
19. Usually associated with bacterial superinfection
20. Always goes on to fibrosis
21. Abnormality is due to endothelaial damage and increased capillary permeability.
22. Takes a long time for Type II pneumocytes to recover

Answer 18

*LW quoting Robbins:
Organising stage, type 2 pnuemocytes undergo proliferation to try and regenerate the alveolar lining damaged. Resolution is unusual, more commonly there is organisation of the fibrin exudate with resultant intra alveolar septa fibrosis, and marked thickening of alveolar septa, due to proliferation of interstitial cells and collagen deposition.
Fatal cases often have superimposed broncho-pneumonia.
Initial injury is to capillary endothelium most commonly, progressing to both endothelium and alveolar epithelium.
Acute consequences of damage to alveolar capillary membrane include increased vascular permeability, and alveolar flooding, loss of difusion capacity, surfactant abnormalities due to type 2 cell injury, Exudate and diffuse tissue destruction cannot be easily resolved, resulting in organisation with scarring –> chronic disease.

Thus:
1. Usually associated with bacterial superinfection: not always (tend to be fatal cases), so less correct

2. Always goes on to fibrosis: commonly goes onto fibrosis, so partially correct, but term ‘always’ makes me dubious, Robbins Orange box uses the term ‘sometimes goes on to fibrotic scarring’.
3. Abnormality is due to endothelaial damage and increased capillary permeability: TRUE.
4. Takes a long time for Type II pneumocytes to recover: semi true.

Previous answer:
• the exudate and diffuse tissue destruction that occur with ARDS cannot be easily resolved, and the result is generally organization with scarring, producing severe chronic changes, in contrast to the transudate of cardiogenic pulmonary edema, which usually resolves

Question 19

19. 7.02.55 Hyaline Membrane Disease (‘mild’ form) Rob p466
20. Child typically breathless at birth
21. Child becomes breathless a short time after birth
22. Various durations for recovery

Answer 19

2. Child becomes breathless a short time after birth

• At birth may require resuscitation but usually quickly establishes spontaneous breathing + normal colour
• Shortly after (30mins)develops respiratory distress + cyanosis requiring ventilation
• In uncomplicated cases recovery begins in 3 – 4 days

Question 20

20. 13.02.08 Desquamative interstitial pneumonitis ? Rob p468
21. Hamman-Rich syndrome
22. Desquamative lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis
23. Chronic interstitial pneumonitis
24. Treatable condition and can progress to UIP
25. Chronic form of UIP

Answer 20

4. Treatable condition and can progress to UIP
   * LW: confusing question with terminology used…
5. Hamman-Rich syndrome: False –> Acute interstitial pneumonitis.
6. Desquamative lymphocytic interstitial pneumonitis: False - macrophages predominate = smokers macrophages.
7. Chronic interstitial pneumonitis: is a broad umbrella term for interstitial pneumonias of chronic duration, although not radiologically descriptive it tends not to include ground glass appearacnes which DIP is…..
   Differing line of thought…symptoms are usually insideous and thus suggest chronicity, and micro shows mild chronic inflammatory changes….
   *RY - I would favour this as the correct answer.
8. Treatable condition and can progress to UIP: most correct option (sub set can progress to fibrosis with continued smoking).
   * RY - I disagree with this being the correct answer - although fibrosis can occur, fibrosis is not the same as UIP. “Although initially appealing, there is insufficient evidence to support a theory of DIP and UIP lying at different ends of one disease spectrum. There are no biopsy-proven reports of DIP progressing to UIP and several reports of sequential biopsies in DIP patients showing no such progression. Similarly, no patients with early IPF/UIP show pathologic changes consistent with DIP.” https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/desquamative-interstitial-pneumonia
9. Chronic form of UIP: False, DIP minimal if any fibrosis, and is usually non progressive (subset can progress to fibrosis with continued smoking).

Question 21

21. 13.03.94 Sarcoid – which is TRUE? Rob p470
22. Relapsing/ remitting course
23. Complete recovery in 60-80%
24. Residual pulmonary/ visusal impairment in 30%

Answer 21

2. Complete recovery in 60-80%

Robbins
- Unpredictable course, may be progressive or marked by periods of activity interspersed with remissions, sometimes permanent

• 65-70% recover with minimal to no residual manifestations
• 20% have permanent loss of lung function or permanent visual impairment.
• 10-15% die of cardiac or CNS damage. Most succumb to progressive fibrosis and cor pulmonale

Question 22

22. 13.03.31 Sarcoid which is MOST ATYPICAL ? Rob p470
23. Afro-american
24. South East Asian
25. Ashkenzai Jew
26. Living in tropics
27. Male

Answer 22

2. South East Asian (rare in Asians – from B&H)
3. 13.03.31 Sarcoid which is MOST ATYPICAL ? Rob p470
4. Afro-american (Most common)
5. South East Asian (rare in Asians – from B&H)
6. Ashkenzai Jew (no mention of this)
7. Living in tropics (no mention of this)
8. Male (more prevalent in females, but race more important overall)

Question 23

23. 13.02.07 Sarcoid What is true answer? Rob p470
24. Hypogammaglobulinemia
25. Subpleural interstitial fibrosis
26. Bone lesion distal and proximal femur
27. 50% affect spleen and liver

Answer 23

A: Subpleural interstitial fibrosis.

From robbins
- HYPERgammaglobulinemia.
- Bone marrow involvement mainly of the hands and feet.
- Spleen affected in 3/4s of cases but enlarged in only 1/5th.
- Liver is affected slightly less than the spleen.

From radiopaedia. 3 main patterns of sarcoid fibrosis described corresponding to pulmonary function testing results:
- central bronchial distortion or bronchiectasis featuring air trapping, with predominantly obstructive physiology.
- peripheral honeycombing, with predominantly restrictive physiology and low DLCO: subpleural, mainly the middle and upper lung zones, lower lobes predominance resembling UIP is rare
- diffuse linear fibrotic pattern, with more mild effect on respiratory function: typically radiate away from hila in all directions

Question 24

24. 13.02.09 Young girl with moderate to severe sarcoid presents with sudden death – cause? (Normal Calcium Score) Rob p470
25. Renal failure
26. Pulmonary HT
27. Ruptured berry aneurysm
28. Hypertensive cerebral haemorrhage
29. Cardiac sarcoid

Answer 24

A: Cardiac sarcoid

From Robbins
- of the remaining 10-15%, some die of cardiac or central nervous system damage, but most succumb to progressive pulmonary fibrosis or cor pulmonale.

Question 25

25. 13.02.27 What disease is characterised by non caseating granuloma? Rob p470
26. TB
27. Chronic Crohn’s
28. EG
29. Sarcoid

Answer 25

A: Sarcoid **but also see Crohns

From robbins
- TB: Caseating granulomas (Tuberculoma)
- **Chronic Crohns: not characterized by however non-caseating granulomas is a hallmark of Crohn disease, found in 35% of cases.
- Eosinophilic Granulomatosis with Polyangitis: Necrotising eosinophilic granulomas

Question 26

26. 13.03.46 In Goodpatures syndrome ? Rob p473
27. Lung involvement occurs later than renal
28. Lung involvement characterized by necrotizing haemorrhagic pneumonitis
29. may avert pulmonary disease with renal treatment
30. minimal, same type (pulm/renal disease)
31. severe pulmonary disease secondary to vasculitis
32. pulmonary disease secondary to granulomatosis

Answer 26

2. Lung involvement characterized by necrotizing haemorrhagic pneumonitis true

• A condition characterized by the simultaneous appearance of

1. Proliferative gomerulonephritis
2. Necrotizing haemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis

• Characteristic findings of focal proliferative glomerulonephritis in early cases, or rapid progressive/crescentic GN (RPGN) in rapidly progressive cases

SCS: robbins. Additional facts

• if only affecting Kidneys= antiglomerular basement membrane disease
• the term goodpasture designates the 40-60% of pepz who develop pulmonary haemorrhage in addition to renal disease
• male preponderance
• majority are dirty smokers
• most cases begin with lung symptoms ( pricipally haemoptysis and consolidation on CXR). Then manifestations of GN appear.
• cause of death= uraemia
• treat w plasmapheresis + immune suppression.

Question 27

27. 13.03.39 In pulmonary emboli – which is TRUE? Rob p475
28. Haemorrhage implies infarction
29. Always infarct as vessels are end-arteries
30. With haemorrhage underlying parenchyma is preserved

Answer 27

3. With haemorrhage underlying parenchyma is preserved
   • Smaller emboli can travel out into the more peripheral vessels, where they may or may not cause infarction.
   • In patients with adequate cardiovascular function, the
   • Only about 10% of emboli actually cause infarction.
   • Although the underlying pulmonary architecture may be obscured by the suffusion of blood, hemorrhages are distinguished by the preservation of the pulmonary alveolar architecture; in such cases, resorption of the blood permits reconstitution of the preexisting architecture
   • Pulmonary embolism usually causes infarction only when the circulation is already inadequate, as in patients with heart or lung disease.
   • For this reason, pulmonary infarcts tend to be uncommon in the young.
   • About ¾’s of all infarcts affect the lower lobes, and in more than ½ multiple lesions occur

*SCS - taken from radiopaedia:
Following an occlusive pulmonary embolus, the bronchial arteries are recruited as the primary source of perfusion for the pulmonary capillary network. The higher pressure of the bronchial arteries, in combination with locally increased vascular permeability and capillary endothelial injury, is thought to result in local pulmonary capillary hemorrhage.

Question 28

28. 13.03.47 Incidence of lung cancer ? Rob p498
29. Squamous and adeno 20-40%,small 20%, large 10%
30. Squamous and small 20-40%,large 20%, adeno 10%
31. All 30%

Answer 28

A: Squamous and adeno 20-40%, small 20%, large 10%.

From robbins
- Adenocarcinoma 38%
- SCC 20%
- Small cell carcinoma 14%
- Large cell carcinoma 3%
- other 25%

Question 29

29. 13.03.48 Small cell carcinoma, WHICH IS BEST? Rob p498
30. Also known as oat cell
31. Neuroendocrine granules and most likely to have paraneoplastic syndrome
32. Treatment is with lobectomy and chemotherapy
33. Ususally peripheral but has hilar nodes
34. Not associated with smoking

Answer 29

A: Neuroendocrine granules and most likely to have paraneoplastic syndrome

Other answers
- “also known as oat cell”: only found on radiopaedia. Not on statdx or robbins.
- Treatment is radiation and chemotherapy only.
- May arise in major bronchi or in the periphery of the lung.
- It has the strongest association with smoking (only 1% of cases occur in non-smokers.

3. Treatment is with lobectomy and chemotherapy (Small cell is sensitive to radiotherapy & chemotherapy, with potential cure rates of 15 – 25 % for localized disease)
4. Ususally peripheral but has hilar nodes (Central, almost never cavitate)
5. Not associated with smoking ( Sqaumous and Small Cell show strongest association with Smoking; only 1% in non-smokers)

• Carefull with the wording in the exam on this one, see below!!
• This highly malignant tumor has a distinctive cell type. The epithelial cells are generally small, have little cytoplasm, and are round or oval and, occasionally, lymphocyte like (although they are about twice the size of a lymphocyte LW - smaller than neighbouring resting Lymphocytes).
• This is the classic oat cell, which is a specific subtype. (not all Small cell are oat cell!!) true

• Other small cell carcinomas have
o spindle-shaped
o polygonal cells
o and may be thus classified (spindle or polygonal small cell carcinoma).
The cells grow in clusters that exhibit neither glandular nor squamous organization.
• Electron microscopic studies show dense-core neurosecretory granules in some of these tumor cells. The granules are similar to those found in the neuroendocrine argentaffin (Kulchitsky) cells present along the bronchial epithelium, particularly in the fetus and neonate.
• 3-10% of lung cancers develop a paraneoplastic syndrome

Question 30

30. 13.02.03 52 year old female, non smoker, 3cm pulmonary mass- query cause? Rob p499
31. Primary adenocarcinoma
32. Primary SCC
33. Primary small cell Ca
34. Primary bronchoalveolar
35. Metastatic from breast

Answer 30

1. Primary adenocarcinoma

• Solitary Metastatic Lung Nodule
o A solitary lung nodule represents a primary lung tumor in 62% in patients with known Hx of neoplasm
o 5% of all solitary nodules are metastatic; most likely origin: colon carcinoma (30-40%), osteosarcoma, renal cell carcinoma, testicular tumor, breast carcinoma

*LW: useful pathological marker is TTF-1: thyroid transcription facot, which is positive in primary lung adenocarcinoma and negtive in pulmonary metastatic disease from extra thoracic adenocarcinoma.

Question 31

31. 13.02.04 67 year old man, 4cm small cell lung Ca, hilar lymph node, no mets- query survival (without treatment)? Rob p499
32. 40% 5 years
33. 20% 5 years
34. 50% 1 year
35. 50% 6 months
36. 6-18 months

Answer 31

Answer unclear

As Radiopaedia
- Staging IIA: T2aN1M0
- 5 year survival 60%.

However, as per robbins
- In general, the 5-year survival rate is 52% for cases detected when the disease is still localized, 22% when there is regional metastases, and only 4% with distant metastases.

• Untreated, the survival time for patients with small-cell carcinoma is 6-17 weeks. Even with treatment, the mean survival after diagnosis is only about 1 year.

Question 32

32. 13.03.49 Laryngeal cancer ? Rob p507
33. Associated with alcohol, smoking and irradiation
34. Polyps and nodules are associated with increase risk of cancer
35. Usually arises from false cords
36. Polyps and nodules usually involve false cords

Answer 32

A: Associated with alcohol, smoking and irradiation

Other statments corrected:
- Polyps and nodules VIRTUALLY NEVER GIVE RISE to cancer
- Laryngeal cancer usually arises from the TRUE CORDS
- Polyps and nodules usually involve the TRUE CORDS

Question 33

33. Asbestos plaques – least associated with ?
34. asbestos bodies
35. pleural effusions
36. anterior/posterolateral site
37. diaphragm

Answer 33

1. asbestos bodies macrophage ingest asbestos fibre-> collage prolfieration-> stained with haemosiderin and iron

**SCS: Radiopaedia.
An asbestos body is a histological finding in interstitial LUNG disease following a parenchymal (NOT pleural ) biopsy.

Macrophage ingestion of the asbestos fibres triggers a fibrogenic response via the release of growth factors that promote collagen deposition by fibroblasts. The fibres become encased in iron-rich material derived from proteins such as ferritin and haemosiderin.

Question 34

34. 13.02.01 Pleural fibroma. Unusual finding
35. Slightly mobile and on pedicle
36. 1-2 cm in size
37. 8-10 cm in size
38. associated with pulmonary effusion
39. cystic formation with the mass

Answer 34

A: associated with pulmonary effusion (NO PLEURAL EFFUSION)

From robbins
- may be small (1-2 cm) or may reach an enormous size
- often attached to the pleural surface by a pedicle.
- grossly consists of dense fibrous tissue with occasional cysts filled with viscid fluid.
- no relationship to asbestos exposure.

Question 35

35. Sep03.01 Alpha feto-protein is least likely to be associated with:
36. colonic ca
37. lung ca
38. pancreatic ca
39. ?smoking
40. nonseminiferous tumour of testes
41. GIST
42. Uncomplicated cirrhosis

Answer 35

6. GIST

alpha-fetoprotein
Liver cell cancer, nonseminomatous germ cell tumors of testis
Less regularly in CA of colon, lung and pancreas
Non-neoplastic : cirrhosis, toxic liver injury, hepatitis and pregnancy (especially when there is foetal distress or death), smoking

Question 36

37. Sep03.30 Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency in a 20 year old. Preoperative assessment for lung transplant. The most likely finding on CT is:
38. Hepatic cirrhosis
39. Pancreatic…
40. Adrenal…

Answer 36

1. Hepatic cirrhosis

Question 37

38. Sep03.31 Emphysema

1. centriacinar emphysema constitutes 95% of cases

Answer 37

True

Question 38

39. Sep03.48 Laryngeal carcinoma

1. associated with asbestos exposure and smoking

Answer 38

risk factors- smoking- alcohol- coffee- asbest

Question 39

40. Sep03.XX Laryngeal Tumour most correct statement
41. singers nodules on false cords
42. carcinoma on false cords
43. carcinoma above true cord

Answer 39

A: carcinoma above the true cord **note only the most correct from those statements (see below).

From Robbins
- Singer nodules located usually on the true vocal cords.
- Carcinoma of the larynx usually develops on the vocal cords (true cords), but may also arise above or below the cords, on the epiglottis or aryepiglottic folds or in the pyriform sinuses.

Additional facts from robbins:
- 95% of laryngeal carcinomas are typical squamous cell tumors.
- Carcinoma of the larynx is most commonly seen in men, 6th decard of life.
- risk factors: smoking, alcohol, absestos, irradiation, HPV infection.

Question 40

41. Sep03.49 Asbestos fibres most likely to be found in :
42. Malignant mesothelioma
43. Pleural fluid
44. Pleural plaque
45. Parenchymal biopsy
46. Bronchial washings

Answer 40

4. Parenchymal biopsy

Question 41

42. Sep03.52 Silicosis vs Coal Workers Pneumoconiosis
43. lung cancer
44. lower vs upper
45. lymph node calcification

Answer 41

1. lung cancer

carcinoma and tuberculosis are potential serious complications of silicosis.

Question 42

46. Sep03.74 Paragangliomas
47. paraganglioma, chemodectoma and carotid body tumours can be used interchangeably
48. often adherent to vessels resulting in incomplete excision and recurrence of 10%

Answer 42

2. often adherent to vessels resulting in incomplete excision and recurrence of 10% (frequently recur after incomplete resection)

Question 43

47. 13.02.05 Bronchial carcinoid ? Rob p504
48. 0.1-0.05 % lung tumors
49. 5th –6th decade of life
50. 2-3:1 male:female
51. 10% atypical (of which will get carcinoid recurrence in 50%)
52. histology keratin pearls

Answer 43

4. 10% atypical (of which will get carcinoid recurrence in 50%)

• Bronchial carcinoids represent 1 to 5% of all lung tumors
• Most patients with carcinoid tumors are younger than 40 years of age
• incidence is equal for both sexes
• The reported 5- to 10-year survival rates for typical carcinoids are 50 to 95%.
• A minority (10%) of tumors show cytologic atypia, necrosis, and aggressive behavior (50% recurrence or metastasis after 2 years) and are designated atypical carcinoids. (note: Adelaide notes say 25%!!)
• Histologically the tumor is composed of nests, cords, and masses of cells separated by a delicate fibrous stroma. In common with the lesions of the gastrointestinal tract, the individual cells are quite regular and have uniform round nuclei and infrequent mitoses - note central vs peripheral- typical and atypical

Question 44

48. PATH2004 FAT EMBOLISM..describe

Answer 44

• after fractures of long bones, or rarely in the setting of soft tissue trauma and burns.
• occurs in 90% of individuals with severe skeletal injuries, but less than 10% of such patients have any clinical findings.
• syndrome typically begins 1 to 3 days after injury, with sudden onset of tachypnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia.
• Besides pulmonary insufficiency, the syndrome is characterized by neurologic symptoms, including irritability and restlessness, which can progress to delirium or coma.
• diffuse petechial rash in nondependent areas (occurring in the absence of thrombocytopenia) is seen in 20 to 50% of cases and is useful in establishing a diagnosis.
• Patients may also present with thrombocytopenia, presumably caused by platelets adhering to the myriad fat globules and being removed from the circulation
• anemia may result as a consequence of erythrocyte aggregation and hemolysis
• fatal in up to 10% of cases.
• The pathogenesis of fat emboli syndrome probably involves both mechanical obstruction and biochemical injury (free fatty acids)
• platelet activation and recruitment of granulocytes
• Because lipids are dissolved out of tissue preparations by the solvents routinely used in paraffin embedding, the microscopic demonstration of fat microglobules (i.e., in the absence of accompanying marrow) typically requires specialized techniques, including frozen sections and fat stains.

Question 45

52. PATH2004 Emphysema – correct

1. Dilatation of airway distal to terminal bronchioles + distension of airspaces

Answer 45

• Abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with destruction of their walls, and without obvious fibrosis

Question 46

54. PATH2004 All of the following are pneumoconioses except:
55. Silicosis
56. Asbestosis
57. Heavy metal lung
58. Berylliosis
59. Bird fanciers lung

Answer 46

5. Bird fanciers lung

• The term pneumoconiosis was originally coined to describe the non-neoplastic lung reaction to inhalation of mineral dusts (e.g., coal dust anthracosis, silica silicosis, asbestos asbestosis, and beryllium berylliosis) commonly encountered in the workplace
• Some have now broadened the term to include the organic dusts though

Question 47

55. PATH2004 a1-ATdefic – incorrect
56. A Recessive
57. Von Meyenberg complexes
58. End stage get cirrhosis + cholestasis

Answer 47

2. Von Meyenberg complexes

Von Meyenberg complexes
- multiple biliary harmatomas

Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency:
• alpha1 -Antitrypsin deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder marked by abnormally low serum levels of this protease inhibitor (Pi)
• However, homozygotes for the PiZZ protein have circulating alpha1 -antitrypsin levels that are only 10% of normal levels
• Neonatal hepatitis with cholestatic jaundice appears in 10% to 20% of newborns with the deficiency. In adolescence, presenting symptoms may be related to hepatitis or cirrhosis. Attacks of hepatitis may subside with apparent complete recovery, or they may become chronic and lead progressively to cirrhosis.
• Hepatocellular carcinoma develops in 2% to 3% of PiZZ adults, usually but not always in the setting of cirrhosis

Question 48

57. PATH2004 Most diagnostic of asbestosis
58. Asbestos bodies
59. Interstitial fibrosis

Answer 48

1. Asbestos bodies
   • Asbestos bodies appear as golden brown, fusiform or beaded rods with a translucent center and consist of asbestos fibers coated with an iron-containing proteinaceous material
   • There are two distinct geometric forms of asbestos: serpentine (curly and flexible fibers) and amphibole (straight, stiff, and brittle fibers).
   • The serpentine chrysotile chemical form accounts for most of the asbestos used in industry.
   • Amphiboles include crocidolite, amosite, tremolite, anthophyllite, and actinolyte.
   • amphiboles, even though less prevalent, are more pathogenic particularly with respect to induction of malignant pleural tumors (mesotheliomas).
   • Some studies of mesotheliomas have shown the link is almost always to amphibole exposure.
   • The relatively few cases of mesotheliomas arising in chrysotile workers are in all likelihood due to contamination of chrysotile with the amphibole tremolite.
   • The greater pathogenicity of straight and stiff amphiboles is apparently related to their aerodynamic properties and solubility.
   • Chrysotiles, with their more flexible, curled structure, are likely to become impacted in the upper respiratory passages and removed by the mucociliary elevator. Furthermore, once trapped in the lungs, chrysotiles are gradually leached from the tissues because they are more soluble than amphiboles.
   • In contrast, the straight, stiff amphiboles may align themselves in the airstream and thus be delivered deeper into the lungs, where they can penetrate epithelial cells and reach the interstitium.
   • The length of amphibole fibers also plays a role in pathogenicity, those longer than 8 mm and thinner than 0.5 mm being more injurious than shorter, thicker ones. • Nevertheless, both amphiboles and serpentines are fibrogenic, and increasing doses are associated with a higher incidence of all asbestos-related disease except that only amphibole exposure correlates with mesothelioma.

*WJI - caution, need to see what other options are as this could easily be a trick around asbestos exposure (asbestos bodies, fibrosis could both be seen) and the syndrome of asbestosis which requires symptoms.

Question 49

58. PATH2004 Ca lung – most correct
59. Small cell better prognosis than squamous
60. Squamous commonest
61. Large cell = “scar carcinoma”

Answer 49

non correct

• None of these are correct, correct option absent

• Adenocarcinoma 40%
o Most common form in M & F, and in nonsmokers
• Squamous cell 30%
• Small cell 20%
• Large cell 10-15%
• Scar cancers are usually adenocarcinomas

Question 50

59. PATH2004 Which of the following does not show neuroendocrine differentiation
60. Small cell tumour
61. Typical Carcinoid
62. Tumorlets
63. bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma
64. atypical carcinoid

Answer 50

4. bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma

• Neoplasms of neuroendocrine cells in the lung include benign tumorlets, small, inconsequential hyperplastic neuroendocrine cells seen in areas of scarring or chronic inflammation; carcinoids; and the (already discussed) highly aggressive small cell carcinoma of the lung.

Question 51

61. PATH2004 Characteristic features of Rh nodule

1. Central fibrinoid necrosis surrounded by palisading histiocytes

Answer 51

• Microscopically, they have a central zone of fibrinoid necrosis surrounded by a prominent rim of epithelioid histiocytes and numerous lymphocytes and plasma cells

Question 52

62. PATH2004 Most characteristic of TB
63. Caseous necrosis
64. Acid fast bacilli
65. fibrinoid necrosis

Answer 52

1. Caseous necrosis

• Acid fastness is not specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as all species of mycobacteria possess this characteristic (i.e. acid fastness should not be equated with tuberculosis).

Question 53

63. PATH2004 Lung mets commonest cause
64. Colorectal
65. Renal
66. Breast
67. Gastric
68. Head and neck
69. Thyroid

Answer 53

63. PATH2004 Lung mets commonest cause
64. Breast

wji: breast>renal>head and neck>CRC
most likely to have lung mets: renal=osteosarc=choriocarcinoma>thyroid>melanoma>breast

Question 54

64. PATH2004 Immune reaction to tuberculosis is an example of
65. Antibody mediated immunity
66. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction
67. Immune complex mediated
68. Immunosuppression

Answer 54

2. Delayed hypersensitivity reaction

SCS: this principle underlies the mantoux test.
T cell mediated killing

Question 55

65. PATH2004 Secondary TB can occur in all of these settings except
66. reactivation
67. reinfection
68. Ghon complex
69. Immune suppression
70. Silicosis

Answer 55

. Ghon complex F – ghon complex is the initial focus of primary infection consisting of a parenchymal subpleural lesion close to interlobar fissure and hilar lymph nodes

Question 56

66. PATH2004 Characteristic histology features of asbestos fibres (LOTS on)

Answer 56

• curled & flexible (serpentine) = chrysotile (90%)
– most common type used in industry

• brittle, straight amphiboles = crocidolite / amosite (10%)
– less prevalent, but more pathogenic

• Amphiboles fracture → smaller (longer than 8 mm and thinner than 0.5 mm) fragments which reach the airways, and penetrate epithelium to reach interstitium
• Chrysotiles → deposit in the upper tracheobronchial tree & are cleared, because more flexible & more soluble
• N.B. all types are fibrogenic but crocidolite is the most carcinogenic (particularly w.r.t. mesothelioma)

• Asbestos bodies = fibres coated with iron-containing proteinaceous material, which arise when macrophages attempt to phagocytose fibres
– iron derived from phagocyte ferritin
o Golden brown, fusiform or beaded rods with translucent centre
• Ferruginous bodies = similar iron protein coated inorganic particles, with no asbestos core
• Focal pleural plaques and mesothelioma do not have asbestos bodies

Question 57

67. PATH2004 Differential diagnosis of malignant mesothelioma includes all of the following except:
68. solitary fibrous tumour
69. metastatic adenocarcinoma
70. pleural fibrosis
71. pleural plaques
72. haemangioblastoma

Answer 57

5. haemangioblastoma

Question 58

68. PATH2004 Emphysema is defined as:
69. dilation of airspace distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of walls
70. destruction of airspaces proximal to distal bronchioles with no destruction of walls
71. dilated bronchioles
72. subpleural fibrosis

Answer 58

1. dilation of airspace distal to terminal bronchioles with destruction of walls • Abnormal permanent enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole with destruction of their walls, and without obvious fibrosis

Question 59

69. PATH2004 Regarding pulmonary emboli and infarcts, which of the following is MOST CORRECT:
70. Majority (>50%) result in white infarcts because it is an end circulation
71. 75% are in the lower lobes
72. Pulmonary haemorrhage suggest infarction
73. The presence of viable alveoli pneumocytes/endothelium in an area of haemorrhage is against a diagnosis of PE
74. > 50% of infarcts are solitary

Answer 59

2. 75% are in the lower lobes

• SCS Robbins
• ischemic necrosis occurs on only 10% of PE
• dual supply. Infarction occurs in those with compromised CVS status (CHF)or in areas of pulmonary disease.
• The more peripheral, more risk of infarct
• pulmonary haemorrhage doesn’t equal infarct

*SCS - taken from radiopaedia:
Following an occlusive pulmonary embolus, the bronchial arteries are recruited as the primary source of perfusion for the pulmonary capillary network. The higher pressure of the bronchial arteries, in combination with locally increased vascular permeability and capillary endothelial injury, is thought to result in local pulmonary capillary hemorrhage

Question 60

71. PATH2004 Which of the following is least likely associated with mesothelioma
72. Exposure to chrysotile fibres
73. exposure to amphibole fibres
74. latency period between exposure and tumour
75. pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 60

1. Exposure to chrysotile fibres

serpentine = chrosytile - shallow infiltration - less phathogenic
amphibole = crocidolite - deep respiratory infiltration - more pathogenic

**LJS - agree that serpentine is lower risk. Though could also be testing the fact that only 20% mesothelioma pt have concurrent pulmonary asbestosis

Question 61

1. Patient with suspected psittacosis for HRCT:
2. Inflammation- histiocytes /lymphocytes confined to alveolar walls
3. Neutrophilic exudate within alveoli
4. Grey / white slough on bronchial walls
5. Mucous plugging and areas of atelectasis

Answer 61

1. Inflammation- histiocytes /lymphocytes confined to alveolar walls T Psittacosis is an infection caused by the obligatory intracellular bacterium Chlamydia psittaci; assocd with birds & poultry. Predominant manifestation is respiratory tract infection with constitiutional symptoms. May also have CNS, skin, spleen, renal, haematologic, joint involvement… The most common imaging finding is unilateral, LL dense infiltrate/consolidation. May present in a bilateral, nodular, miliary, or interstitial pattern. Histo findings may include tracheobronchitis and interstitial pneumonitis with air-space involvement and predominant mononuclear cell infiltration. Findings may also include macrophages that contain cytoplasmic inclusion bodies (ie, Levinthal-Coles-Lillie [LCL] bodies), focal necrosis of hepatocytes along with Kupffer cell hyperplasia in the liver, and hepatic noncaseating granulomata. [eMedicine]

Question 62

2. Patient with HIV with normal CD4 count, patchy pulmonary opacities on CXR, which is most likely:
3. CMV
4. Toxoplasmosis
5. Kaposi’s
6. Cryptococcus
7. PCP

Answer 62

4. Cryptococcus T - preferentially infects immunosuppressed individuals, occurs in up to 155 of AIDS patients. Pulmonary infection is usually associated with brain / meningeal disease, but this scenario implies that the patient is immunocompetent. CXR: patchy infiltrates/pneumonitis (affecting any part of lung; bilateral/unilateral, mulitlobar/lobar). May manifest as granulomas 2-7mm, or miliary disease (similar to TB). [Cryptococcosis, eMedicine]

*EDWH - I think the answer is cryptococcus - radiopaedia says “Cryptococcosis predominantly occurs in immunocompromised patients but can also be seen in immunocompetent hosts”

**LJS - all these occur in immunosuppressed. ?Kaposi in least suppressed? Typically seen at CD4 < 200 but nowadays seen with higher CD4 (since AART)
RP says cryptococcus causes asymptomatic disease in lung only in immunocompetent, so maybe this is true?

2. Patient with HIV with normal CD4 count, patchy pulmonary opacities on CXR, which is most likely: (GC)
3. CMV F - occurs in those with CD4 counts <100.
   CXR: bilateral hazy infiltrates, focal nodules, masses, bronchiectasais.
4. Toxoplasmosis F - cerebral toxoplasmosis occurs in those with CD4 counts <150.
5. Kaposi’s F - usually develops in the setting of a low CD4 count (<150-200 according to RG, Dahnert gives <400). CXR: mid-lower zone pulmonary opacities and parenchymal nodules (peribronchovascular distribution).
6. Cryptococcus T - preferentially infects immunosuppressed individuals, occurs in up to 155 of AIDS patients. Pulmonary infection is usually associated with brain / meningeal disease, but this scenario implies that the patient is immunocompetent. CXR: patchy infiltrates/pneumonitis (affecting any part of lung; bilateral/unilateral, mulitlobar/lobar). May manifest as granulomas 2-7mm, or miliary disease (similar to TB). [Cryptococcosis, eMedicine]
7. PCP F - occurs in those with CD4 counts <200. CXR: bilateral perihilar interstitial infiltrates, diffuse alveolar infiltrates, often associated with pneumatocoeles, apical predominance in pts on prophylactic aerosolised pentamidine). [Dahnert]

Despite the emphasis on opportunisitic infections, remember that ‘typical’ bacterial lower respiratory tract infections are one of the most serious disorders in IV infection (S.pneumoniae, S.aureus, H.influenzae, GNB). [Robbins]

Question 63

3. In patient with multiple positive blood cultures for Candida, which would be atypical:
4. Empyema
5. Osteomyelitis
6. Tricuspid valve lesions
7. Splenic lesions
8. Kidney lesions

Answer 63

Answer: Empyema (atypical finding)

ROBBINS
C. albicans most common type.
Most commonly, candidiasis takes on superficial infection (thrust). Other forms include: esophagitis, vaginitis, cutaneous
Invasive forms
- renal abscess
- myocardial abscess and endocarditis
- brain micro abscesses and meningitis
- endophthalmitis
- hepatic and splenic abscess

Candida endocarditis is the most common fungal endocarditis, usually occurring in the setting of prosthetic heart valves or in IVDU. In the latter group, the tricuspid valve is involved.

RADIOPAEDIA
Osteomyelitis
- all types of organisms including viruses, parasites, fungi, and bacteria can produce osteomyelitis.
- common fungi: candida, aspergillum
- C. albicans: vertebral osteomyelitis most common location in adults, femoral/huemral bones are most common in kids.

ADDITIONAL PAPERS
Only a few case reports of candida empyema (eg. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 2008). A Taiwanese study (Chest 2000) looked at 67 patients with fungal empyema (of which 18 were immunocompromised); found that Candida was the most commonly encountered species (64%).

Question 64

4. Patient with cystic fibrosis- long term survival is associated with:
5. No increased risk of malignancy
6. Increased risk of malignancy only if has transplant
7. Increased risk of GIT and lymphoma
8. Increased risk of GIT, pancreas, biliary and lymphoma
9. Increased risk of cholangiocarcinoma

Answer 64

Answer: increased risk of GIT, pancreas, biliary and lymphoma

ROBBINS
Cystic fibrosis is an inherited disorder of ion transport that affects fluid secretion in exocrine glands and in the epithelial lining of the respiratory, gastrointestinal, and reproductive tracts.
- most common lethal genetic disease that affects caucasian populations.
- Autosomal recessive inheritance BUT heterozygote carriers have a higher incidence of respiratory and pancreatic diseases.

FROM RADIOPAEDIA
Both translated and non-transplanted patients are at increased risk of some malignancies
- GIT: in particular oesophageal, gastric, small bowel, and colorectal
- Gallbladder and extra hepatic biliary tree
- Lymphoma/leukaemia
- testicular.

Question 65

5. Patient A has dissection involving ascending aorta, Patient B has dissection involving the descending aorta:
6. Both have type A.
7. Both have type B.
8. Patient A has type A and patient B has type B.
9. Patient A has DeBakey III and patient B has type B.
10. Patient A has DeBakey I and patient B has DeBakey III

Answer 65

3. Patient A has type A and patient B has type B T

Stanford type A (60%) - involves at least ascending aorta (DeBakey types I and II), surgical management. 
Stanford B (40%) - limited to descending aorta (De Bakey III), medical treatment.

De Bakey pnemonic - BAD (both, ascending, descending - I, II, III)

Question 66

6. Sarcoid, which is most atypical:
7. Afro-American
8. Southeast Asian
9. Ashkenazi Jew
10. Living in tropics
11. Male

Answer 66

2. Southeast Asian T - almost unknown among Native Indians, Aussie aboriginals, or southern Asians (eg Koreans). [eMedicine]
3. Sarcoid, which is most atypical: (GC)
4. Afro-American F - 10 times more prevalent in US Afro-Americans than in US cauasians. [Robbins]
5. Southeast Asian T - almost unknown among Native Indians, Aussie aboriginals, or southern Asians (eg Koreans). [eMedicine]
6. Ashkenazi Jew - Jews have incidence rates of around 2 in 100,000. [Respirology 2006]
7. Living in tropics - incidence in Africa, SE Asia, India, central & south America is <10 per 100,000. [eMedicine] 5. Male - females are more often affected than males, but only by 3:1. [Dahnert]

Question 67

7. ARDS takes a long time to resolve because:
8. Usually associated with bacterial superinfection
9. Always goes on to fibrosis
10. Abnormality is due to endothelial damage, as well as increased capillary permeability
11. Takes a long time for type II pneumocytes to recover

Answer 67

*LW quoting Robbins:
Organising stage, type 2 pnuemocytes undergo proliferation to try and regenerate the alveolar lining damaged. Resolution is unusual, more commonly there is organisation of the fibrin exudate with resultant intra alveolar septa fibrosis, and marked thickening of alveolar septa, due to proliferation of interstitial cells and collagen deposition.
Fatal cases often have superimposed broncho-pneumonia.
Initial injury is to capillary endothelium most commonly, progressing to both endothelium and alveolar epithelium.
Acute consequences of damage to alveolar capillary membrane include increased vascular permeability, and alveolar flooding, loss of difusion capacity, surfactant abnormalities due to type 2 cell injury, Exudate and diffuse tissue destruction cannot be easily resolved, resulting in organisation with scarring –> chronic disease.

Thus:
1. Usually associated with bacterial superinfection: not always (tend to be fatal cases), so less correct

2. Always goes on to fibrosis: commonly goes onto fibrosis, so partially correct, but term ‘always’ makes me dubious.
3. Abnormality is due to endothelaial damage and increased capillary permeability: TRUE.
4. Takes a long time for Type II pneumocytes to recover: semi true.

Previous notes:
controversy: some answer had 2 and some had 3

3. Abnormality is due to endothelial damage, as well as increased capillary permeability T - integrity of the alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised by either endothelial or epithelial injury, or usually both.
   * Exudative stage: - endothelial - increased vascular permeability (oedema, inflammation, haemorrhage), leads to fibrin exudation and formation of hyaline membranes. - epithelial - damage to type II pneumocytes, resulting in widespread reduction in surfactant production (with subsequent decreased lung compliance and alveolar collapse).
   * Proliferative (organising) stage: type II pneumocytes attempt to regenerate the alveolar lining, organisation of fibrin exudate.
   * Fibrotic stage: variable scarring and cyst formation.
4. ARDS takes a long time to resolve because: (GC)
5. Usually associated with bacterial superinfection F - sepsis is the most common risk factor for ARDS. But as far as having ARDS, with secondary bacterial superinfection as the cause of delayed resolution… ** can’t find much on this. **
6. Always goes on to fibrosis F - the acute (exudative) phase usually resolves completely. Less commonly, residual pulmonary fibrosis occurs, in which the alveolar spaces are filled with mesenchymal cells and new blood vessels. This process seems to be facilitated by IL-1. [eMedicine]
7. Abnormality is due to endothelial damage, as well as increased capillary permeability T - integrity of the alveolar-capillary membrane is compromised by either endothelial or epithelial injury, or usually both.
   * Exudative stage: - endothelial - increased vascular permeability (oedema, inflammation, haemorrhage), leads to fibrin exudation and formation of hyaline membranes. - epithelial - damage to type II pneumocytes, resulting in widespread reduction in surfactant production (with subsequent decreased lung compliance and alveolar collapse).
   * Proliferative (organising) stage: type II pneumocytes attempt to regenerate the alveolar lining, organisation of fibrin exudate.
   * Fibrotic stage: variable scarring and cyst formation.
8. Takes a long time for type II pneumocytes to recover F - type I pneumocytes are more vulnerable than type II. Hyperplasia of type II pneumocytes occurs around 5-7 days. [Dahnert, Robbins]

Question 68

8. In pulmonary emboli, which is true:
9. Haemorrhage implies infarction
10. Always infarct as vessels are end arteries
11. With haemorrhage underlying parenchyma is preserved
12. Breast carcinoma is the most common cause of tumour embolism

Answer 68

3. With haemorrhage underlying parenchyma is preserved
4. In pulmonary emboli, which is true: (GC)
5. Haemorrhage implies infarction F - infarction resulting from pulmonary haemorrhage is the exception rather than the rule, occurring as few as 10% of cases. It occurs only if there is compromise in cardiac function or bronchial circulation, or if the region of the lung at risk is underventilated as a result of underlying pulmonary disease.
6. Always infarct as vessels are end arteries F - see above.
7. With haemorrhage underlying parenchyma is preserved
8. Breast carcinoma is the most common cause of tumour embolism F - gastric Ca most common. Other solid malignancies that may form emboli in the IVC: breast, prostate, lung, HCC, ovarian, osteosarcoma, lymphoma, choriocarcinoma.

Question 69

9. Definition of Thymoma:
10. Any benign thymic tumour
11. Benign tumour of epithelial cells
12. Any tumour of thymic epithelial cells
13. Any tumour of thymus
14. Benign tumours of epithelial and mesenchymal origin

Answer 69

3. Any tumour of thymic epithelial cells = the term “thymoma” is restricted to tumours in which epithelial cells constitute the neoplastic element [Robbins]. Divided into “invasive” and “non invasive” (cf. benign and malignant, as in Robbins) because invasive thymoma may lack the histologic features of malignancy [RG].

Question 70

10. Young female with tufts of capillary formation with dilated thin walled arteries implies:
11. Primary pulmonary hypertension
12. Goodpasture’s
13. SLE
14. Recurrent thromboemboli

Answer 70

1. Primary pulmonary hypertensionT - plexogenic pulmonary arteriopathy (see Robbins) is seen in PPH or congenital heart disease with left to right shunts - tuft of capillary formations that spans the lumens of dilated thin-walled arteries

Question 71

13. Coal workers pneumoconiosis, which is not true:
14. 2-5 x risk of lung cancer independent of smoking
15. <10% go on to Progressive massive fibrosis
16. Characterised by coal macules and coal nodules
17. PMF tends to progress even in the absence of further exposure
18. Increased incidence of TB

Answer 71

1. 2-5 x risk of lung cancer independent of smoking F - once smoking-related risk is taken into account, there is no increased frequency of bronchogenic carcinoma (distinguishes from silicosis and asbestosis).
   * LW: Robbins states no increased incidence of TB, unlike silicosis, thus also false.
2. Coal workers pneumoconiosis, which is not true: (GC)
3. 2-5 x risk of lung cancer independent of smoking F - once smoking-related risk is taken into account, there is no increased frequency of bronchogenic carcinoma (distinguishes from silicosis and asbestosis).
4. <10% go on to Progressive massive fibrosis T - fewer than 10% of cases of simple CWP progress to PMF, a generic term that applies to a confluent fibrosing reaction in the lung (complication of any of the fibrogenic pneumoconioses - CWP, silicosis, asbestosis). Generally takes many years to develop. PMF in CWP is a fibrotic mass of haphazardly arranged collagen with numerous pigment-laden macrophages and with abundant free pigment, +/- necrosis, cholesterol clefts, chronic inflam infiltrate. Hx differs from silicosis of PMF: central hyalinised collagen surrounded by a rim of macrophages, focal necrosis common +/- granulomatous inflammation.
5. Characterised by coal macules and coal nodules T - macules are dust laden macropahges, 1-2mm. Nodules are slightly larger (still <5mm), and have additional delicate network of collagen fibres. Lesions are scattered throughout, but predominantly in upper lobes and upper zones of lower lobes. Radiographically indistinguishable from silicosis.
6. PMF tends to progress even in the absence of further exposure T
7. Increased incidence of TB T - as in silicosis. [Robbins; Pneumoconiosis RG 2006] Added options 4 and 5.

Question 72

14. In benign asbestos pleural plaques, which would be most atypical:
15. Pleural effusion
16. Predominant anterior and posterior plaques
17. Diaphragmatic involvement
18. Parietal pleura
19. Golden brown nodes with iron containing proteinaceous material

Answer 72

5. Golden brown nodes with iron containing proteinaceous material - no asbestos bodies

Question 73

15. Which does not cause Bronchiolitis Obliterans
16. Tuberous sclerosis
17. GVHD
18. Collagen vascular disorders
19. Viral infections
20. Bleomycin

Answer 73

1. Tuberous sclerosis F - 1-4% have lung involvement - LAM. CRITTSCOPRAInfectionTBTransplantSewyer james/sarcoid

Question 74

19. Patient with Hodgkin’s disease stage IIIES, which is not true:
20. Nodes above diaphragm
21. Nodes below diaphragm
22. Involvement of extra nodal sites
23. Involvement of spleen
24. Involvement of liver

Answer 74

5. Involvement of liver

lugano modified ann arbor
stage 1 - one nodal group
stage 2 - two nodal group
stage 3 - on both side of diaphragm. Or one nodal group above hemidiaphragm and spleen involvement

stage III(1): involvement of the spleen or splenic, hilar, coeliac, or portal nodes

stage III(2): involvement of the para-aortic, iliac, inguinal, or mesenteric nodes

stage 4 - extra nodal met-> cannot be irradiated in same radiation field
a - no systemic symptoms
b - systemic symptom involvement
e - extra nodal contiguous extension that can be encompassed by radiation field

Question 75

20. In Goodpasture’s syndrome:
21. Lung involvement precedes renal involvement
22. Lung involvement occurs later than renal
23. Lung involvement characterised by necrotizing haemorrhagic pneumonitis
24. Usually mild

Answer 75

3. Lung involvement characterised by necrotizing haemorrhagic pneumonitis T - acute focal necrosis of alveoli, intra-alveolar haemorrhage, fibrous thickening of septa etc = necrotising haemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis
4. In Goodpasture’s syndrome (JS)
5. Lung involvement precedes renal involvement T (??) - glomerulonephritis and pneumonitis occur simultaneously but it begins clinically with respiratory symptoms (haemoptysis) and focal pulmonary consolidation
6. Lung involvement occurs later than renal F
7. Lung involvement characterised by necrotizing haemorrhagic pneumonitis T - acute focal necrosis of alveoli, intra-alveolar haemorrhage, fibrous thickening of septa etc = necrotising haemorrhagic interstitial pneumonitis
8. Usually mild F - used to have a dismal prognosis but plasma exchange has improved outcomes Goodpasture syndrome, also referred as antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) antibody disease, is an autoimmune disease characterised by damage to the alveolar and renal glomerular basement membranes by a cytotoxic antibody (type 2 hypersensitivity). It is a type of pulmonary-renal syndrome.Goodpasture syndrome is defined by:- pulmonary haemorrhage- glomerulonephritis- circulating antiglomerular basement membrane antibodiesM> FPulmonary : non-specific opacityCT : crazy paving, consolidation, LN. Resolve in 2 weeksPrognosis : poor. may need plasmophoresis and immunosuppressant

Question 76

21. What is most controversial subgroup in Hodgkin’s lymphoma classification:
22. Nodular sclerosis
23. Lymphocytic predominant
24. Lymphocytic rich
25. Lymphocyte depleted
26. Mixed cellularity

Answer 76

4. Lymphocyte depleted - rare and somewhat controversial. Most cases prove to be large cell lymphoma. Older male patients with disseminated disease, HIV patients, developing countries.
5. What is most controversial subgroup in Hodgkin’s lymphoma classification: (GC)
6. Nodular sclerosis - most common, young adults M=F. Hx: lacunar variant of RS cell, collagen bands with formation of nodules, CD30/CD15+. Excellent prognosis. 2. Lymphocytic predominant - young adult males. Hx: L+H (popcorn) variant of RS cell, panB-cell markers +. Excellent prognosis; 3-5% transform into DLBCL.
7. Lymphocytic rich - rare.
8. Lymphocyte depleted - rare and somewhat controversial. Most cases prove to be large cell lymphoma. Older male patients with disseminated disease, HIV patients, developing countries.
9. Mixed cellularity - older men. Hx: lots of RS cells and heterogeneous infiltrate. Usually disseminated disease + B symptoms. Changed option 3 from “lymphocyte proliferative”. [Robbins]

Question 77

22. Sarcoid, which is true:
23. Relapsing/ remitting course
24. Complete recovery in 60-80%
25. Residual pulmonary/ visual impairment in 30%
26. Parenchymal involvement only has a better prognosis than nodes + lung changes
27. Eyes are involved in 75% of cases

Answer 77

2. Complete recovery in 60-80% T - 70% recover with no or minimal residual disease
3. Sarcoid, which is true: (GC)
4. Relapsing/ remitting course F - majority recover, 10% develop progressive pulmonary fibrosis and cor pulmonale.
5. Complete recovery in 60-80% T - 70% recover with no or minimal residual disease
6. Residual pulmonary/ visual impairment in 30% F - 20%
7. Parenchymal involvement only has a better prognosis than nodes + lung changes F - stage 3 versus stage 2 disease (Silzbach classification on CXR: Stage 0 - normal, 1 - adenopathy, 2 - LN + lung, 3 - lung only, 4 - pulmonary fibrosis).

Question 78

1. Definition of chronic bronchitis:
2. Clinical + micro/ macro
3. Reid index >0.5
4. Histo defined
5. Histo which was bronchiectasis

Answer 78

*AJL - Robbins says: Chronic bronchitis is defined clinically as persistent cough with sputum production for at least 3 months in at least 2 consecutive years in the absence of any other identifiable cause.
I would therefore favour 1. to be the best answer in this question.

2. Reid index >0.5 T - Normally 0.4. Ratio of submucosal gland layer (b-c) to that of the bronchial wall (a-d). Increased in chronic bronchitis. But this is an “old” method (still quoted in Robbins); the other method is to measure the mucus gland area in a given area of mucosa (eMedicine).
3. Definition of chronic bronchitis: (GC)
4. Clinical + micro/ macro F - diagnosis is made on clinical grounds. Some people with symptoms of chronic bronchitis may have no demonstrable histologic abnormality in their airways. However, there is a strong tendency for the presence of mucus gland hyperplasia in bronchial walls. This accounts for the increased sputum production (bronchial glands produce ~98% of total airway mucus production).
5. Reid index >0.5 T - Normally 0.4. Ratio of submucosal gland layer (b-c) to that of the bronchial wall (a-d). Increased in chronic bronchitis. But this is an “old” method (still quoted in Robbins); the other method is to measure the mucus gland area in a given area of mucosa (eMedicine).
6. Histo defined F - clinical definition: perisistent cough productive of sputum for >= 3 months in >= 2 consecutive years.
7. Histo which was bronchiectasis F - Hx: 1. enlargement of mucus-secreting glands (hallmark) 2. increased goblet cells (mainly involves bronchioles)
8. bronchiolar obstruction (mucus plugging, inflam, fibroisis) 4. bronchiolitis. Bronchiolitis obliterans in severe cases. [Adelaide notes]

Question 79

3. Man does not want surgery, hilar mass, oncologist wants to know if small cell, does CT – most likely bit of hx that would help:
4. CXR 1 year ago, hilar mass, lost to follow up
5. Normal CXR 9 months ago
6. hyponatraemia
7. Peripheral location
8. Mediastinal widening

Answer 79

3. Hyponatraemia T - secondary to SIADH; main features of the syndrome consist of hyponatremia and hypotonicity (< 280mOsm/kg), absence of fluid volume depletion, inappropriate urinary osmolality (> 100 mOsm/kg), increased urinary sodium excretion (>40mmol/L) while on normal salt and water intake, and absence of thyroid, adrenal, pituitary or renal dysfunction. SIADH results from 3 factors: 1. inappropriate stimulation from pulmonary pathology (bacterial pneumonia, TB, lung abscess) or drugs (eg. cytotoxics); 2. uncontrolled secretions from virtually any CNS disorder (including trauma, surgery); 3. ectopic ADH elaboration by tumours, particularly small cell (oat cell) lung carcinoma, duodenum and pancreatic cancers, olfactory neuroblastoma and lymphomas. [Hyponatremia and SIADH, CAMJ 2002].
4. Man does not want surgery, hilar mass, oncologist wants to know if small cell, does CT – most likely bit of hx that would help: (GC)
5. CXR 1 year ago, hilar mass, lost to follow up F - 5YS with therapy is 25% for limited stage disease (disease confined to one hemithorax, including mediastinal/supraclavicular nodes); extensive stage (beyond definition of limited stage, or malig. pleural effusion) is rapidly fatal. Most have spread at presentation.
6. Normal CXR 9 months ago F - non discriminatory.
7. Hyponatraemia T - secondary to SIADH; main features of the syndrome consist of hyponatremia and hypotonicity (< 280mOsm/kg), absence of fluid volume depletion, inappropriate urinary osmolality (> 100 mOsm/kg), increased urinary sodium excretion (>40mmol/L) while on normal salt and water intake, and absence of thyroid, adrenal, pituitary or renal dysfunction. SIADH results from 3 factors: 1. inappropriate stimulation from pulmonary pathology (bacterial pneumonia, TB, lung abscess) or drugs (eg. cytotoxics); 2. uncontrolled secretions from virtually any CNS disorder (including trauma, surgery);
8. ectopic ADH elaboration by tumours, particularly small cell (oat cell) lung carcinoma, duodenum and pancreatic cancers, olfactory neuroblastoma and lymphomas. [Hyponatremia and SIADH, CAMJ 2002].
9. Peripheral location F - usually perihilar surrounding large bronchi, but peripheral location is non discriminatory.
10. Mediastinal widening F - non discriminatory.

Question 80

4. Mesothelioma, which is true:
5. Involves visceral pleura in <1%
6. Smoking
7. Lag time variable 5-15 years
8. EM is difficult to differentiate from adenoCa
9. Heavy exposure does not increase risk

Answer 80

Answer: EM (Epithelioid mesothelioma) difficult o differentiate from adenocarcinoma

FROM ROBBINS
- Can arise from either visceral or parietal pleura
- The lifetime risk of developing mesothelioma in heavily exposed individuals is as high as 7% to 10%.
- long latency period of 25-45 years
- no increased risk of mesothelioma is asbestos workers who smoke.
- microscopically, malignant mesotheliomas may be epithelioid (60%), sarcomatous (20%), or mixed (20%).

• Epithelioid type of mesothelioma consists of cuboidal, columnar, or flattened cells forming tubular or papillary structures resembling adenocarcinoma.
• Immunohistochemical stains are very helpful in differentiating it from pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Question 81

5. Silicosis – least likely. Hx of retired miner:
6. Upper fibrosis
7. Pulmonary Alveolar Proteinosis
8. Increased risk of TB
9. Cancer
10. Infection

Answer 81

Answer: Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis. **see below

All answers are ASSOCIATED with silicosis
However in the given clinical context of a RETIRED miner, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis is least likely as it is a RARE and ACUTE manifestation of silicosis occurring in week or months after intense exposure to fine dust high in silica.

FROM ROBBINS
- quartz type is most commonly implicated and very fibrogenic.
- CXR typically show fine modularity in the upper zones
- Silicosis is associated with an increased susceptibility to tuberculosis.
- onset of silicosis is most commonly slow (10-30 years after exposure).
- the disease may continue to worsen even if the patient is no longer exposed.
- Patients with silicosis have double the risk for developing lung cancer.
- Acute silicosis (rare) can cause secondary pulmonary alveolar proteinosis i.e. alveolar silicoproteinosis

Question 82

7. Community acquired pneumonia – least correct:
8. Viral
9. Mycoplasma + Chlamydia
10. Px with symptoms of dyspnoea, haemoptysis, effusion
11. Bronchial ulceration means bacterial superimposed infection

Answer 82

4. Bronchial ulceration means bacterial superimposed infection F - causes include HSV, radiation, drugs, TB, malignancy, Wegener’s, post transplant lymphoproliferative disease.
5. Community acquired pneumonia – least correct: (GC)
6. Viral T - community acquired atypical pneumonias include viral infections (RSV, parainfluenza (kids); influenza A & B (adults); adenovirus (military reccruits).
7. Mycoplasma + Chlamydia T
8. Px with symptoms of dyspnoea, haemoptysis, effusion T - onset is usually abrupt, with high fever, shaking chills, pleuritic chest pain, productive mucopurulent cough; occasionally haemoptysis. Parapneumonic effusion.
9. Bronchial ulceration means bacterial superimposed infection F - causes include HSV, radiation, drugs, TB, malignancy, Wegener’s, post transplant lymphoproliferative disease.

Question 83

8. Carcinoid of the lung:
9. All benign
10. Rarely deviates the bronchus or invades it
11. Involves Type 1 pneumocytes
12. Difficult to make diagnosis on FNA
13. Small cell lung cancer

Answer 83

Answer: Difficult to make diagnosis on FNA (True)

FROM ROBBINS/STATDX/RADIOPAEDIA
Neoplasms of neuroendocrine cells in the lung include (all separate entities).
- benign tumorlets
- carcinoids
- small cell lung carcinoma
- large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung.

Carcinoid tumor represent 1-5% of all lung tumors
affects <40 years of age, m=f.
20-40% of non-smokers.

Carcinoid tumors of the lungs can be divided into 2 groups dependent of location, and 2 groups dependent on histology
- Location: Bronchial (75%) vs peripheral (40%)
- histology: typical (90%) vs atypical (10%)

Most are confined to mainstream bronchi. Others penetrate the bronchial wall to fan out in the peribronchial tissue, producing “collar-button lesions”.

Question 84

11. TB, which is most correct:
12. Organ involved can be CNS or kidney in isolation
13. Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
14. Ghon focus is parenchymal + LN
15. Biopsy caseous region verses non necrotic region for dx of bacilli for treatment

Answer 84

1. Organ involved can be CNS or kidney in isolation This is true -SG11.

TB, which is most correct: (GC)

1. Organ involved can be CNS or kidney in isolation This is true -SG
2. Type 1 hypersensitivity reaction F - type IV immune reaction.
3. Ghon focus is parenchymal + LN F - GF is the parenchymal scar (may calcify); Gohn complex includes the hilar node.
4. Biopsy caseous region verses non necrotic region for dx of bacilli for treatment

Question 85

12. Alcoholic and cachetic patient with Bacteroides:
13. Aspiration from mouth organism
14. Commensal from mouth
15. Aspiration from stomach bug
16. Bowel diverticulitis
17. Osteomyelitis

Answer 85

1. Aspiration from mouth organism T - bacteroides is one of the anaerobic oral flora that is implicated in aspiration pneumonia (others: prevotella, fusobacterium, peptostreptococcus), admixed with aerobic bacteria (S.pneumonia, S.aureus, H.influenza, P.aeruginosa). Resultant pneumonia is partly chemical (irritant gastric acid), and partly bacterial; often necrotizing and may lead to abscess formation in survivors. Abscess would contribute to cachexia - symptoms include clubbing, anaemia, weight loss. Secondary amyloidosis may develop. [Robbins]

Question 86

13. Concerning fat embolism, which of the following is least correct:
14. Over 80% of fat emboli are asymptomatic
15. Features of fat embolism include hypoxia, thrombocytopenia and CNS symptoms
16. Symptoms are usually established within 6 hours of trauma / fracture
17. Neurological manifestations include irritability, restlessness, confusion, and coma
18. 20-50% of cases are associated with a purpuric rash

Answer 86

3. Symptoms are usually established within 6 hours of trauma / fracture F - syndrome typically begins 1 to 3 days after injury, with sudden onset of tachypnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia.
4. Concerning fat embolism, which of the following is least correct: (GC)
5. Over 80% of fat emboli are asymptomatic T - occurs in 90% of individuals with severe skeletal injuries, but less than 10% of such patients have any clinical findings. Fatal in up to 10% of cases.
6. Features of fat embolism include hypoxia, thrombocytopenia and CNS symptoms T - thrombocytopenia is presumably caused by platelets adhering to the myriad fat globules and being removed from the circulation. Anemia may result as a consequence of erythrocyte aggregation and hemolysis. 3. Symptoms are usually established within 6 hours of trauma / fracture F - syndrome typically begins 1 to 3 days after injury, with sudden onset of tachypnea, dyspnea, and tachycardia.
7. Neurological manifestations include irritability, restlessness, confusion, and coma T - besides pulmonary insufficiency, the syndrome is characterized by neurologic symptoms, including irritability and restlessness, which can progress to delirium or coma.
8. 20-50% of cases are associated with a purpuric rash T - diffuse petechial rash in nondependent areas (occurring in the absence of thrombocytopenia) is seen in 20 to 50% of cases and is useful in establishing a diagnosis. [see Eric’s answer 04.48]

Question 87

15. 35yo outpatient HRCT request ‘Late onset asthma’ worsening dyspnoea, initially episodic and now chronic. Biopsy shows granuloma. Which of the following is most likely with this history:
16. Silicosis
17. TB
18. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
19. Sarcoid
20. Histoplasmosis

Answer 87

3. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - immunologically mediated response to an extrinsic antigen that involves both immune-complex (type III) and delayed-type (IV) hypersensitivity reactions. Clinically: acute reaction (large loadfever, cough, SOB 4-8hrs post exposure), subacute (acute episodes, background of progressive respiratory deterioration - chronic cough and SOB), or chronic disease. Non caseating granulomas in >2/3 of cases.
4. 35yo outpatient HRCT request ‘Late onset asthma’ worsening dyspnoea, initially episodic and now chronic. Biopsy shows granuloma. Which of the following is most likely with this history: (GC)
5. Silicosis - occupational exposure. Hx: silicotic nodule of whorled collagen fibres, silica particles are weakly birefringent.
6. TB - reactivation (secondary) TB either from reactivation (due to weakened host resistance) or exogenous reinfection (in areas of high contagion). <5% of those with primary disease develop secondary TB. May be asymptomatic if localised; or insidious onset of low-grade fever, night sweats, sputum production, haemoptysis, pleuritic pain; extrapulmonary manifestations.
7. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis - immunologically mediated response to an extrinsic antigen that involves both immune-complex (type III) and delayed-type (IV) hypersensitivity reactions. Clinically: acute reaction (large loadfever, cough, SOB 4-8hrs post exposure), subacute (acute episodes, background of progressive respiratory deterioration - chronic cough and SOB), or chronic disease. Non caseating granulomas in >2/3 of cases.
8. Sarcoid - multisystemic disease of unknown aetiology; non caseating granulomas. 50% may be asymptomatic; 2/3 of symptomatic cases present with gradual onset of SOB, dry cough, vague substernal discomfort, or constitutional symptoms (fever, wt loss, anorexia, fatigue, night sweats).
9. Histoplasmosis - H.capsulatum, endemic in Ohio and central Mississippi region. 3 clinical forms: acute (primary), chronic (cavitary), disseminated miliary (in immunocompromised, infants). Symptoms resemble a flu-like syndrome, most often self-limited. Cavitary disease occurs in vulnerable host (upper lobe, similar to secondary TB) - symptoms of cough, haemoptysis, SOB and chest pain may occur. Hx: granulomas, strikingly similar to TB, differentiation requires identification of yeast forms (PAS or silver stains).

Question 88

16. Concerning centrilobular emphysema, which of the following is most correct:
17. The acini are uniformly enlarged from level of terminal bronchiole to terminal alveoli
18. Proximal part of acini is enlarged, relative or complete sparing of distal acini
19. Proximal portion of acinus normal or near normal, with dominant involvement of distal portion
20. Whole acini destroyed leaving irregular lined spaces >1cm in diameter
21. Acini uniformly involved but disease effects central zone of secondary pulmonary lobules

Answer 88

b Proximal part of acini is enlarged , relative or complete sparing of distal acini.

16. Concerning centrilobular emphysema, which of the following is most correct: (JS)
    a The acini are uniformly enlarged from the level of terminal bronchioles to terminal alveoli. F - Panacinar/panlobular
    b Proximal part of acini is enlarged , relative or complete sparing of distal acini. T
    c Proximal part of the acinus normal or near normal with dominant involvement of distal portion. F - Paraseptal/distal acinar
    d Whole acini destroyed leaving irregular spaces > 1cm in diameter. F - can occur with both panacinar and centrilobular - if severe
    e Acini uniformly involved but disease effects central zone of secondary pulmonary lobule. F

Question 89

17. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma vs squamous cell carcinoma. Which of the following is most correct:
18. The 2 are macroscopically similar
19. Adenocarcinomas are more likely to show cavitation
20. Adenocarcinoma is more likely to be peripheral and affect women, rather than SCC
21. Adenocarcinoma have a stronger association with emphysema, chronic bronchitis
22. Adenocarcinoma is more likely to show massive lymphadenopathy and extrathoracic disease compared with SCC

Answer 89

3. Adenocarcinoma is more likely to be peripheral and affect women, rather than SCC T - 75% are peripheral, most common tumours to affect women and non smokers (but also seen in smokers). SCCs tend to be central, more common in male smokers.
4. Pulmonary adenocarcinoma vs squamous cell carcinoma. Which of the following is most correct: (GC) 1. The 2 are macroscopically similar F - adenocarcinoma usually peripheral, may be associated with scarring, 80% contain mucin. SCC appears as grey-white infiltrative tumour, usually associated with larger, more central bronchi, cavitation in 30%.
5. Adenocarcinomas are more likely to show cavitation F - cavitating tumours = 4/5 SCC, followed by BAC. [Dahnert]
6. Adenocarcinoma is more likely to be peripheral and affect women, rather than SCC T - 75% are peripheral, most common tumours to affect women and non smokers (but also seen in smokers). SCCs tend to be central, more common in male smokers.
7. Adenocarcinoma have a stronger association with emphysema, chronic bronchitis F - implies a heavy smoking history, thus small cell and SCC would have a stronger association.
8. Adenocarcinoma is more likely to show massive lymphadenopathy and extrathoracic disease compared with SCC ?? T - SCC typically a large central mass that spreads to local hilar nodes, but disseminates outside thorax later than other types. Adeno’s metastasise widely at an early stage.

Question 90

18. Patient with markedly thickened pleura encasing one lung. Which of the following statements is most correct?
19. Only approximately 10-20% with patients with mesothelioma will have associated lower lobe fibrosis
20. Mesothelioma and metastatic adenocarcinoma have markedly different appearances on light microscopy
21. Presence of asbestos bodies on pleural biopsy suggest change is more likely reactive / fibrosis
22. Granuloma in pleural tissue suggests chronic irritation rather than neoplastic infective etiology
23. Apical lung lesion suggests it is most likely infective in nature

Answer 90

1. Only approximately 10-20% with patients with mesothelioma will have associated lower lobe fibrosis T - 90% of malig. mesotheliomas are related to asbestos but only 10% have asbestosis. As opposed to peritoneal mesothelioma, where 50% have asbestosis. [Robbins]18.

Patient with markedly thickened pleura encasing one lung. Which of the following statements is most correct? (GC)

1. Only approximately 10-20% with patients with mesothelioma will have associated lower lobe fibrosis T - 90% of malig. mesotheliomas are related to asbestos but only 10% have asbestosis. As opposed to peritoneal mesothelioma, where 50% have asbestosis. [Robbins]
2. Mesothelioma and metastatic adenocarcinoma have markedly different appearances on light microscopy F - differentiated by antigenic keratin positivity, CEA stain negative, presence of long microvilli on EM.
3. Presence of asbestos bodies on pleural biopsy suggest change is more likely reactive / fibrosis F - diffuse pleural thickening is rare, involves visceral pleura (cf. pleural plaques - parietal). Neither of theses entities (or mesothelioma) contain asbestos bodies on histology.
4. Granuloma in pleural tissue suggests chronic irritation rather than neoplastic infective etiology F
5. Apical lung lesion suggests it is most likely infective in nature F

Question 91

19. A chest CT request states ‘pulmonary carcinoid’. Which of the following findings would be least expected:
20. Bronchiectasis
21. 1cm endobronchial mass confined to a mainstem bronchus
22. 8cm cystic mass
23. Pneumonia
24. Hilar lymphadenopathy

Answer 91

3. 8cm cystic mass F - carcinoid tumours are usually 2-5cm; typical (classic) <2.5cm and atypical >2.5cm.
4. A chest CT request states ‘pulmonary carcinoid’. Which of the following findings would be least expected: (GC)
5. Bronchiectasis T - post obstructive.
6. 1cm endobronchial mass confined to a mainstem bronchus T - typical (classic) carcinoids usually central and manifest as an endobronchial nodule or hilar/perihilar mass close to the bronchus.
7. 8cm cystic mass F - carcinoid tumours are usually 2-5cm; typical (classic) <2.5cm and atypical >2.5cm.
8. Pneumonia T - post obstructive.
9. Hilar lymphadenopathy T - mets to regional lymph nodes in 25%. [Dahnert; Bronchial carcinoid RG 2002]

Question 92

20. Concerning PE, which of the following is most correct:
21. Approximately 40% lead to infarction
22. Emboli affect upper, mid and lower zones equally but not all lobes equally
23. In the young, PE more frequently leads to infarction
24. In the presence of a predisposing cause, secondary episodes may occur in up to 30%
25. Pulmonary haemorrhage in PE implies reperfusion of an infarct

Answer 92

4. In the presence of a predisposing cause, secondary episodes may occur in up to 30% - T - 30% develop a second embolus
5. Concerning PE, which of the following is most correct: (TW)
6. Approximately 40% lead to infarction - F - 10% (path notes)
7. Emboli affect upper, mid and lower zones equally but not all lobes equally - F - 75% affect lower lobes (path notes). Dahnert says (about) 25% each LL, about 15% for ULs and ML.
8. In the young, PE more frequently leads to infarction - F - May potentially be seen more in young cf old as usually due to abnormal bronchial supply, usually assoc with underlying heart-lung disease, but still as a whole only accounts for 10% of cases.
9. In the presence of a predisposing cause, secondary episodes may occur in up to 30% - T - 30% develop a second embolus
10. Pulmonary haemorrhage in PE implies reperfusion of an infarct - F - collateral circulation of lung - dual pulmonary blood supply and only pulmonary arteries involved in PE. Haemorrhage results without lung infarction. Inadequate bronchial artery supply usually results in lung infarct

Question 93

21. 57yo male has non specific pulmonary fibrosis. Which of the following is least likely to be related:
22. Past employment as a stone mason
23. Hx of erosive arthropathy
24. Hx of chlamydial infection
25. Hx of previous chemotherapy
26. Muscle biopsy – non caseating granuloma

Answer 93

3. Hx of chlamydial infection F - C.psittaci (psittacosis: inhaled dust particles of infected bird excreta; most commonly a single lower lobe consolidation). C.pneumoniae (10-20% of adult CAP; usually a single subsegmental lower lobe infiltrate, ARDS has been reported). Can’t see that either causes fibrosis. NB. C.trachomatis infection is seen in infants (vertical transmission from infected mum).
4. 57yo male has non specific pulmonary fibrosis. Which of the following is least likely to be related: (GC) 1. Past employment as a stone mason - chronic silicosis may occur in these patients 20-40yrs after exposure (inhalation of crystalline silica dusts). HRCT findings include nodules, interstitial thickening, subpleural curvilinear lines, GGO, parenchymal fibrous bands, traction bronchiectasis, honeycombing.
5. Hx of erosive arthropathy - Rheumatoid lung occurs in up to 50% of patients with RA, lower lobe predominance.
6. Hx of chlamydial infection F - C.psittaci (psittacosis: inhaled dust particles of infected bird excreta; most commonly a single lower lobe consolidation). C.pneumoniae (10-20% of adult CAP; usually a single subsegmental lower lobe infiltrate, ARDS has been reported). Can’t see that either causes fibrosis. NB. C.trachomatis infection is seen in infants (vertical transmission from infected mum).
7. Hx of previous chemotherapy - chemotherapeutic agents such as methotrexate, bleomycin, cylcophosphamide and carmustine may cause diffuse lung disease and fibrosis.
8. Muscle biopsy – non caseating granuloma - sarcoidosis may cause myopathy in 25%; fibrosis occurs in 20% of those with pulmonary involvement. End stage sarcoidosis may appear as upper zone fibrosis.

Question 94

22. FNA of a 52 yo hilar lung mass shown abdundant cells with eosinophilic cystoplasm and intercellular bridges, together with minor necrotic tissue, most characteristic of:
23. Bronchial carcinoid
24. Nodal involvement with Sarcoidosis
25. Bronchogenic cysts
26. SCC
27. Small cell carcinoma of the lung

Answer 94

4. SCC - T - production of keratin and intercellular bridges in well-differentiated forms. Pathoutlines: Pink cytoplasm with distinct cell borders and intercellular bridges characteristic for squamous cell carcinoma.
5. FNA of a 52 yo hilar lung mass shown abdundant cells with eosinophilic cystoplasm and intercellular bridges, together with minor necrotic tissue, most characteristic of: (TW)
6. Bronchial carcinoid - F - nests, cords, and massess of cells separated by a delicate fibrous stroma. Regular cells, uniform round nuclei.
7. Nodal involvement with Sarcoidosis - F - noncaseating granulomas, each composed of an aggregate of tightly clustered epithelioid cells, often with Langerhans or foreign body-type giant cells. Laminated concretions (Schaumann bodies), stellate inclusions (asteroid bodies).
8. Bronchogenic cysts - F - lined by bronchial type epitleium and are usually filled with mucinous secretions or with air.
9. SCC - T - production of keratin and intercellular bridges in well-differentiated forms. Pathoutlines: Pink cytoplasm with distinct cell borders and intercellular bridges characteristic for squamous cell carcinoma.
10. Small cell carcinoma of the lung - F - small epithelial cells, little cytoplasm, round or oval and, occasionally, lymphocyte like (but about 2x size of lymphocyte) - “classic oat cell”. KCC type 3 (Kulchitsky cell carcinoma, where type 1 is “classic carcinoid”, type 2 is “atypical carcinoid).

Question 95

23. 62 yo smokers CXR is introduced at a clinical meeting as showing ‘occupational asbestos exposure with complications’. Which of the following is least likely to be an associated finding:
24. Focal non calcified pleural thickening
25. Pleural effusion
26. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy
27. Lobar collapse
28. Progressive massive fibrosis

Answer 95

Answer: Progressive massive fibrosis

ROBBINS & RADIOPAEDIA
Asbestos-related diseases include
- localised fibrous plaques (often calcified), or rarely, diffuse pleural fibrosis
- pleural effusions, recurrent
- Parenchymal interstitial fibrosis
- lung carcinoma (may produced lobar collapse)
- Mesothlioma
- Larygenal, ovarian, and other extra pulmonary neoplasms

Asbestosis
- fibrosis begins around respirate bronchioles and alveolar ducts, extends to involve adjacent alveolar sacs and alveoli
- fibrous tissue distorts the architecture, creating honeycombing
- the pattern of fibrosis I similar to that seen in UIP.
- begins in lower lobes and subpleurally.
- mediastinal lymphadenopathy can sometimes be present

PROGRESSIVE MASSIVE FIBROSIS
- refers to formation of large mass-like conglomerates, predominantly in the upper pulmonary lobes, associated with radiating strands
- these classically develop in context of certain pneumoconioses (coal workers, silicosis)
-CXR: large symmetric bilateral opacities with irregular markings in the upper lobes.

Question 96

24. Least likely to have associated pulmonary findings on HRCT:
25. SLE
26. Progressive systemic sclerosis
27. RA
28. PAN
29. Dermatomyosistis – polymyositis

Answer 96

4. PAN - F - PAN typically affects small to medium system arteries, resulting in a necrotizing vasculitis. Involvement of bronchial arteries has been described in PAN, however, the presence of capillaritis or other lung parenchymal involvement by vasculitis strongly suggests another disease process (eg microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener’s, or Churg-Strauss).
5. Least likely to have associated pulmonary findings on HRCT: (TW)
6. SLE - T - a variety of pulmonary abnormalities may be seen in SLE. Pneumonia, lupus pneumonitis, diffuse pulmonary haemorrhage, COP/OP, pulmonary fibrosis (uncommon in SLE compared with other CVDs).
7. Progressive systemic sclerosis - T - Only 1% present with pulmonary symptoms, but up to 75% have evidnce of pulmonary disease at some point in their disease. HRCT findings of interstitial fibrosis in PSS are similar to those of IPF, including: GGO, consolidation, fine reticular opacities, coarse or irregular reticulation, traction bronchietasis, and honeycombing.
8. RA - T - Commonly associated with thoracic abnormalities, including interstitial pneumonia and fibrosis. Histologically NSIP or UIP. HRCT - range of possible findings from GGO to fine reticulation and coarse reticulation with honeycombing. COP / OP may also occur in patients
9. PAN - F - PAN typically affects small to medium system arteries, resulting in a necrotizing vasculitis. Involvement of bronchial arteries has been described in PAN, however, the presence of capillaritis or other lung parenchymal involvement by vasculitis strongly suggests another disease process (eg microscopic polyangiitis, Wegener’s, or Churg-Strauss).
10. Dermatomyosistis – polymyositis - T - PM-DM is less commonly associated with pulmonary involvement than other connective tissue diseases. Reported incidence of pulmonary function abnormalities is 30%, and 5% show chest radiographic abnormalities. Pattern of involvment is typically that of COP / NISP / or UIP. HRCT findings of PM-DM include GGO, fine reticular opacities indicating fibrosis, consolidation, honeycombing (TI and UTD)

Question 97

25. CXR report states ‘right hilar mass invading mediastinum associated with hilar, mediastinal lymphadenopathy but no subcarinal disease. NO other metastases seen’ What else would be necessary for TNM staging:
26. Size of lung lesion
27. Sides of hilar and mediastinal nodes involved
28. Size of mass and presence / absence of pleural effusions
29. Size of mass and presence of distal lung collapse
30. Distance of the lung hilar mass from the carina

Answer 97

Answer: Sides of hilarious and mediastinal nodes involved.

Right hilarious mass invading mediastinum ==> T4
Associated hilar, mediastinal lymphadenopathy ==> ?N
No other metastases (assuming no other mets means no pleural effusion ==> M0

As per pathoma, N stage is important if M is M0.

Tx, T0, Tis
T1: <3 cm
T2: 3-5 cm OR tumor which (involves main bronchus, invades visceral pleural, associated atelectasis, obstructive pneumonitis, involving all or part of lung.
T3: 5-7 cm OR separate tumor nodules in same lobe as primary tumor OR directly invades chest wall, phrenic nerve, parietal pericardium
T4: >7 cm OR separate tumor nodule in different ipsilateral lobe OR invades diaphragm, mediastinum, heart, great vessels, trachea, RLN, oesophagus, vertebral body, carina.

N0: no regional lymph node
N1: ipsilateral peribronchial or hilar or intrapulmoanry nodes
N2: ipsilateral mediastinal or subcarinal
N3: contralateral mediastinal, hilar OR any scalene/supraclavicular node

M0: no metas
M1a: separate tumor nodule in contralateral lobe, tumor with pleural or pericardial nodules, malignant pleural or pericardial effusions
M1b: sings extra thoracic mets (single organ/non-regional node)
M1c: multiple extra thoracic mets.

Question 98

26. Recent decrease in Kaposi sarcoma. Main reason for this:
27. Decreased incidence of EBV
28. Increased proportion of heterosexuals getting HIV
29. New retroviral treatment
30. ?Community education
31. Prophylactic treatment

Answer 98

3. New retroviral treatment T - AIDS-associated (epidemic) KS was originally found in 1/3 of AIDS patients, particularly male homosexuals. However, with current regimens of intensive antiretrovrial therapy, the incidence is now <1% (although still the most prevalent malignancy in AIDS pts in the US).
   Four forms of KS:
4. Classic KS - typically older men of Eastern European or Mediterranean descent, red-purple skin plaques/nodules esp. on the distal extremities, tumours tend to remain localised to skin and subcutaneous tissue.
5. Endemic KS (aka lymphadenopathic or African) - children of subsaharan Africa (same geographic distribution as Burkitt’s), present with lymphadenopathy, occ. involves viscera, extremely aggressive.
6. Transplant- assocd KS - solid organ transplant recipients on long-term immunosuppression, aggressive with nodal, mucosal, and visceral involvement.
7. AIDS-assocd (epidemic) KS [Robbins]

Question 99

27. Primary TB which is the most correct
28. Only 1/10, 000 primary infection is clinically significant
29. 80% of patients asymptomatic
30. Progressive primary disease most commonly causes middle or lower lobe consolidation

Answer 99

Answer: Progressive primary disease most commonly causes middle or lower lobe consolidation.

ROBBINS
- Clinically significant disease develops in about 5% of newly infected people (therefore 95% asymptomatic)
- Progressive primary tuberculosis more often resembles an acute bacterial pneumonia, with consolidation of the lobe hilarity adenopathy, and pleural effusion.

Question 100

28. 2 years ago lung Bx showed BOOP. Likely evolutionary changes on HRCT:

**Note BOOP now COP.

1. Resolved
2. 30% worse, 30% improvement, 40% static
3. Progression of fibrotic changes and honeycombing

Answer 100

Answer: Resolved.

ROBBINS
Cryptogenic organising pneumonia is synonymous with the popular term bronchiolitis obliterates orgnising pneumonia (COP now preferred).
It is a clfinicopathologic syndrome of unknown ethology.

Sx: cough, dyspnoea + patchy sub pleural or peribronchial areas of airspace consolidation radiographically.

Histology: Masson bodies. Underlying lung architecture is normal. No interstitial fibrosis or honeycomb lung.

Prognosis: some patients recover spontaneously, but most need treatment with oral steroids for 6 months or longer for complete recovery.

DAHNERT
- 30% persistent disease, 10% mortality due to preogressive / recurrent disease. 84% improve with Rx.

Question 101

31.TB, which is false:

a. Primary TB characterized by the ghon focus
b. TB bronchopneumonia characterized by 3-5 mm yellow nodules
c. Cavitation is characteristically seen in reactivation of tuberculosis s

Answer 101

b. TB bronchopneumonia characterized by 3-5 mm yellow nodules - F - in the highly susceptible, highly sensitized individual, the TB infection may spread rapidly throughout large areas of lung parenchyma “galloping consumption”. Sometimes, with such overwhelming disease, well-developed tubercles do not form. (remember centrilobular nodules and tree in bud appearance)

Question 102

33. 67 year old man, 4cm small cell lung Ca, hilar lymph node, no mets - query survival (without treatment)?

a. 20% 5 years
b. 50% 1 year
c. 50% 6 months
d. 6-18 weeks

Answer 102

Answer: 6-18 weeks

ROBBINS
Untreated, the survival time for patients with small cell cancer is 6 to 17 weeks.
Even thought SCLC is particularly sensitive to radiation and chemoTx with the potentiazl for cure, most patients hav edistant mets at Dx.
At presentation 60-70% of SCLC have extensive stage, 30-40% have limited stage disease. (limited staged get Rx combined modality therapy; extensive stage get chemotherapy alone).

From time of Dx - median survival ranges:
- limited disease 15-20months
- extensive 8-13 months. 2

20-40% limited stage and less than 5% of extensive stage survive two years.
10-13% limited stage and 1-2% extensive stage survive 5y.

Question 103

33. DIP, which is true:
34. Aka Hamman rich
35. Chronic interstitial pneumonitis.
36. Treatable, but may progress to UIP

Answer 103

Answer: Treatable, but may progress to UIP (true)

ROBBINS
Desquamative interstitial pneumonia is characterised by large collections of macrophages in the airspaces in a current of former smoker. (Desquamative is a misnomer, as no desquamative pneumocytes)
- Histology: smoker’s macrophages (dusty brown pigment with finely granular iron).
- Interstitial fibrosis when present, is mild. Emphysema is often present.
- Presents in the 4th-5th decades. Men = women. All cigarette smokers.
- Prognosis: excellent response to steroid therapy and smoking cessation, but occasional patients may progress to interstitial fibrosis.

Hamman-Rich syndrome
- rapidly progressive non-infectious interstitial lung disease of unknown aetiology
- AKA Acute interstitial pneumonitis.

Question 104

33. Emphysema – correct

a. Dilation of airway distal to terminal bronchioles + distension of airspaces
b. Destruction of airspaces proximal to distal bronchioles with no destruction of walls
c. Dilated bronchioles
d. Subpleural fibrosis

Answer 104

Answer: dDilation of airway distal to terminal bronchioles + distension of airspaces

ROBBINS
Emphysema is characterised by irreversible enlargement of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchiole, accompanied by destruction of their walls without obvious fibrosis.

4 major types
- Centriacinar (Centrilobular)
- Panacinar (pan lobular)
- Distal acini (paraseptal)
- Airspace enlargement with fibrosis (irregular)

Question 105

1. Which lung cancer is least associated with smoking?
2. Small cell carcinoma
3. Large cell carcinoma
4. Squamous cell carcinoma
5. Adenocarcinoma
6. Bronchoalveolar carcinoma

**Bronchoalveolar no longer exists, now called Adenocarcinoma in-situ.

Answer 105

Answer: Bronchoalveolar carcinoma (Adenocarcinoma in-situ)

Robbins
- Small cell: STRONGEST association with smoking with only 1% of cases occurring in non-smokers.
- Squamous cell: highly associated with smoking
- Adenocarcinoma: associated with smoking.
- Cancers in non-smokers are more common in women, and most are adenocarcinomas.

Question 106

3. Patient with myasthenia gravis for CT chest. What should you look for?
4. Thymic neoplasm
5. Thymic mass + hilar mass

Answer 106

Answer: Thymic neoplasm

Question distinguishes between MG and LEMS (see below)

ROBBINS
MYASTHENIA GRAVIS
Autoimmune disease associated with autoantibodies directed against EACh receptors at the NMJ.
Strong association between pathogenic anti-ACh receptor autoantibodies and thyme abnormalities.
- 10% of patients with MG have a thymoma
- 30% have thyme hyperplasia (B-cell follicles in the thymus)

LAMBERT-EATON MYASTHENIC SYNDROME
Autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies that block ACh release by inhibiting a presynaptic calcium channel.
- In about half the cases, there is an underlying malignancy, most often neuroendocrine carcinoma of the lung.
- symptoms may precede the diagnosis of cancer by years.

Question 107

Neuroendocrine neoplasm of the lungs – FALSE

a. Small foci of neuro endocrine cells in a scar are inconsequential
b. Carcinoid occur in alveolar cells and deviates rather than invading adjacent bronchi
c. Mitotic rate, lymph node invasion and differentiation important to differentiate between typical and atypical carcinoid but this is difficult with a FNA
d. Small cell is neuroendocrine tumour

Answer 107

Carcinoid occur in alveolar cells and deviates rather than invading adjacent bronchi - F - arise from K cells of bronchial mucosa and penetrate the bronchial wall to fan out producing the collar-button lesions

18. Neuroendocrine neoplasm of the lungs – FALSE (JS)
    a. Small foci of neuro endocrine cells in a scar are inconsequential - T - can have benign tumorlets in areas of scarring or chronic inflammation
    b. Carcinoid occur in alveolar cells and deviates rather than invading adjacent bronchi - F - arise from K cells of bronchial mucosa and penetrate the bronchial wall to fan out producing the collar-button lesions
    c. Mitotic rate, lymph node invasion and differentiation important to differentiate between typical and atypical carcinoid but this is difficult with a FNA - T - I presume but can’t find anything about FNA diagnosis…
    d. Small cell is neuroendocrine tumour - T - contain neurosecretory granules similar to those found in Kulchitsky cells

Question 108

. Associated with sarcoidosis….

a. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
b. Proliferative glomerulonephritis
c. Erythema marginatum
d. Diabetes mellitus
e. Loeffler’s syndrome

Answer 108

Answer: Proliferative glomerulonephritis

ROBBINS
Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown cause that my involve many different tissues and organs. Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy or lung involvement is most common, occurring in 90% of cases.

histology: Non-necrotizing granulomas. Schaumann bodies and asteroid bodies found within 60% of giant cells.

Extrathoracic manifestations
- Spleen: 3/4 cases but enlarged in only 1/5.
- Liver: slightly less affected than spleen.
- Ocular: 1/4 cases. Iritis or iridocyclitis
- Skin: 1/4 cases. Subcutaneous nodules. Erythema nodosum (tender erythematous plaques.
- Bone marrow: 1/5 cases. phalanges of hands and feet
- Other: Dilated cardiomyopathy.

Lofgren syndrome: Specific acute presentation of systemic sarcoidosis that usually manifests with lymphadenopathy, fevers, erythema nodosum and polyarticualr arthritis.

Renal manifestations of sarcoidosis are commonly related to nephrocalcinosis, which results from hypercalcemia.
On occasion, the granulomatous process can directly involve the kidney, producing interstitial nephritis and glomerulonephritis. The major histological findings of renal sarcoid that have been described are: FSGS, membranous GN, mesangial proiferative GN, IgA nephropathy, and cresenteric GN. Most patients have proteinuria, clinical nephritic syndrome, and/or HTN. [RG 2004; Atlas of sarcoidosis 2005; Dahnert]

OTHER
Loffler Syndrome is a simple pulmonary eosinphilia.
Erythema marginatum is associated with rheumatic fever (major jones criteria)

Question 109

. Which is true regarding Churg Strauss Disease?

a. c-ANCA
b. Not associated with eosinophilia
c. Allergic rhinitis and gastroenteritis
d. Lower frequency of cardiac involvement than Wegener’s

Answer 109

Answer: Allergic rhinitis and Gastroenteritis

ROBBINS
Churg-Strauss syndrome aka Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangitiis.
- small-vessel necrotising vasculitis
- classically associated with asthma, allergic rhinitis, lung infiltrates, peripheral hypereosinophilia, and extravascular necrotising granulomata.

ANCAs (mostly MPO-ANCAs i.e. p-ANCAs) are present in less than half the cases.

Sx
- palpable purpura
- GIT bleeding
- Renal disease, primarily as focal and segment glomerulosclerosis.
- myocardial involvement may give rise to cardiomyopathy.
- cardiac involvement is seen in 60% of cases, and accounts for almost half of the deaths in the syndrome.

FROM STATDX
Clinical issues
- Allergic phase: Asthma, allergic rhinitis, sinusitis
- Eosinophilic phase: infiltration of lungs, heart, and GI system
- Vasculitis phase: Purpura or neuropathy. Constitutional symptom

Question 110

89. Oat cell cancer is a subset of which cancer?

a. Small cell
b. Large cell
c. Adenoca
d. Squamous cell

Answer 110

Answer: Small cell

Old question. Oat cell is no longer used, not found in Robbins. STATDX states it is an old term.