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PATH: Reproductive System Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Lining (membrane) of body passages and cavities that communicate directly or indirectly with the exterior (commonly containing mucin-secreting glands)

A

Mucosa

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2
Q

Outermost layer (covering) of an organ in a serosal cavity (peritoneal, pleural or pericardial) consisting of fibroelastic tissue covered by mesothelium continuous with the lining of the cavity

A

Serosa

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3
Q

The space between the organized cellular element of a tissue

A

Interstitium

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4
Q

Acellular fibrous (collagenous) membrane separating the organized cellular elements of a tissue from the interstitium

A

Basement membrane

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5
Q

The purely cellular avascular layer covering and lining all the external and internal surfaces of the body and associated glands

A

Epithelium

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6
Q

The functional tissue of an organ, which performs the function of the organ

A

Parenchyma

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7
Q

The supportive connective tissue around the parenchyma

A

Stroma

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8
Q

Why does menstruation occur?

A

Menstruation occurs due to the regression of the corpus luteum and the abrupt loss of estradiol and progesterone cause the endometrial lining and blood to be sloughed

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9
Q

Why might you see neutrophils in the endometrium close to menses?

A

Neutrophils are present because they are there prepared to attack infection (common in the endometrium).

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10
Q

Describe proliferative endometrium.

A

narrow and straight glands lined with pseudostatified epithelium and stroma with spindle-shaped cells (may see mitoses)

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11
Q

Describe early secretory endometrium.

A

Glands have a more “cork-screw shape” and the funcitonalis is more edematous (pushing glands apart).

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12
Q

What feature of early secretory endometrium is a “hint” that ovulation has occurred?

A

prominent basal cytoplasmic vacuoles (which begin 36-48 hours post-ovulation and are evidence that it has occurred)

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13
Q

Describe late secretory endometrium.

A

tortuous dilated glands containing secretions

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14
Q

Has the oocyte in the primordial follicle completed meiosis?

A

No, completion of meiosis I does not occur until ovulation

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15
Q

What does the primary follicle have that the primordial follicle does not have?

A

continuous layer of follicle cells (granulosa cells)

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16
Q

What is the name of the eosinophilic “division” between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells of a primary follicle?

A

zona pellucida

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17
Q

What structures defines a secondary follicle?

A

antrum

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18
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A

a myriad of growth factor and FSH (to stimulate themselves to convert androgens to estradiol by armomatase during the proliferative phase)

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19
Q

What cells produce the androgens that the granulosa cells convert to estrogen?

A

theca interna cells

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20
Q

After ovulation, what happens to granulosa cells?

A

they turn into granulosa lutein cells that produce progesterone

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21
Q

How would a granulosa cell tumor manifest clinically in a child?

A

precocious puberty

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22
Q

How would a granulosa cell tumor manifest clinically in an adult?

A

breast cancer (estrogen is growth promoting) and endometrial cancer

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23
Q

Would a granulosa cell tumor manifest differently after menopause?

A

don’t know??

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24
Q

What is the shape of the antrum in a Graafian Follicle?

A

horse-shoe shaped

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25
What is the cumulous oophorus?
Granulosa cells still surround the oocyte "floating" in the antrum and form a “mound” that connects the oocyte to the rest of the granulosa cells
26
The granulosa cells adjacent to the oocyte extend processes toward and through the oocyte forming radiating lines that are referred to as what after ovulation?
corona radiata
27
Why is the corpus luteum yellow?
cholesterol
28
Why is the corpora albicantia white?
it is a scar due to follicular atresia of the CL
29
What happens to the CL if fertilization of the ovum occurs?
If fertilization does occur the CL will secrete steroid hormones until the placenta assumes this role later in pregnancy (around 10-12 weeks). Hormones of the trophoblast (hCG) will maintain CL until that point.
30
What happens to the CL if fertilization does NOT occur?
If fertilization does NOT occur, the CL will regress during the next 14 days and involutes and is replaced by a scar called the corpus albicans.
31
What does blood in the antrum signify?
recent ovulation (blood vessels of the ovarian wall leak into the antrum)
32
What is it called when the blood from ovulation is excessive and turns a brown color?
chocolate cyst
33
Single cell layer of modified peritoneal mesothelial cells, overlying stroma of spindle-shaped cells
Ovary serosa
34
70% of ovarian tumors, including 90% of malignant ones, are from the serosal surface. Why is that?
Stromal cells are not proliferating much. They are structural but do not turn over. There IS proliferation on the serosal epithelium.
35
What happens if a fertilized egg gets stuck in the fallopian tube?
Ectopic pregnancy. It is in the nature of trophoblasts to invade. They especially invade blood vessels and there will be a fatal hemorrhage!
36
Why is the fallopian tube lining ciliated?
you need movement of the cilia to propel the egg down into the fallopian tube to be fertilized ALSO keeps the sperm off of the fallopian tube wall
37
What part of the cervix has stratified squamous epithelium?
exocervix
38
What part of the cervix has columnar epithelium of cells with abundant cytoplasmic mucin?
endocervix
39
What extra cells are commonly found in the cervical submucosa? Why?
T cells (lymphocytes). They are normally present in the cervix, because the cervix is really close to the outside surface (close to yeast and bacteria, etc.).
40
In childhood, where does the squamous epithelium of the exocervix meet the columnar epithelium of the endocervix?
cervical os
41
What changes occur to the cervix at puberty?
With puberty, this squamocolumnar junction moves out onto the exocervix and the exposed columnar epithelium undergoes squamous metaplasia in a transformation zone
42
The metaplastic squamous cells of the cervical transformation zone are particularly prone to infection with what?
Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)
43
What can HPV progress to in the cervix?
squamous cell carcinoma
44
How do you prevent development of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix?
regularly visualizing the squamo-columnar junction and taking a Pap smear to detect dysplasia before it becomes carcinoma
45
How many cell layers line the breast duct?
two: inner epithelial and outer myoepithelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane
46
90% of breast cancers are of what type?
ductal
47
How can a pathologist differentiate in situ carcinoma from hyperplasia?
hyperplasia will leave the layer of myoepithelial cells in place that can be identified with immunostains
48
What is an immunostain that can be used to visualize the layer of myoepithelial cells in hyperplasia?
myosin stain
49
What is decidualization?
Prolonged high levels of progesterone produced by the corpus luteum of pregnancy transform the spindle-shaped stromal cells of proliferative endometrial stroma into enlarged rounded cells with abundant smooth pink cytoplasm
50
Why does menstrual endometrium look like cancer?
Rapid cell proliferation. Higher nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio than basal unstimulated endometrium. These are also pleomorphic cells.
51
What embryonic cells become the ovary?
primordial germ cells
52
What structures become the rest of the female reproductive system?
Müllerian (paramesonephric) ducts
53
When does the urogenital sinus develop?
when the cloaca is subdivided by the urorectal septum
54
What does the urogenital sinus become in the developing female?
it eventually forms the lower | part of the vagina and the vestibule of the external genitalia
55
What are Gartner duct cysts?
Wolffian (mesonephric) ducts normally regress in the female, but remnants may persist into adult life as epithelial inclusions. In the cervix and vagina these rests may be cystic.
56
Describe the cervix/fundus ratio before puberty.
Cervix is 2/3 and fundus is 1/3
57
Describe the cervix/fundus ratio after puberty.
Estrogen stimulation tells fundus to grow (2/3) and cervix is 1/3 (everts).
58
What do seminiferous tubules make?
SPERM
59
What is the progression of sperm production?
spermatogonia --> primary spermatocytes (large cells that are off of the BM)--> secondary spermatocytes (short life)--> early spermatids (small round nucleus)--> late spermatids (mature sperm that are still attached)
60
What other cells are located in seminiferous tubules that nurture developing sperm?
Sertoli cells
61
What do Leydig cells produce?
testosterone
62
What is the progression of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra?
Seminiferous tubules--> rete testes --> epididymis (waits until ejaculation)--> vas deferens--> ejaculatory duct--> urethra
63
What are the 3 regions of the prostate?
``` central zone (CZ) peripheral zone (PZ) transitional zone (TZ) ```
64
Where do most prostate carcinomas arise? What is the consequence?
Most carcinomas arise from the peripheral zone and, as a result of their location, they are sometimes palpable during digital examination of the rectum.
65
Where does most benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate arise? What is the consequence?
``` Benign nodular hyperplasia, arises from the more central transitional zone and, as a result of this location, often produces urinary obstruction because the urethra passes through the central part of the prostate. ```
66
Will someone with prostate cancer have trouble urinating?
LESS COMMON that if they had BPH
67
What controls the growth and survival of prostatic cells?
testicular androgens
68
How many cell layers line the glands of the prostate?
two (basal layer of low cuboidal epithelium covered by a layer of columnar secretory cells)
69
What separates the glands of the prostate?
abundant fibromuscular stroma
70
Why is the fact the two layers of cell line prostate glands important?
This is important to know, because you may lose the basal layer in cancer.
71
What stains can be used to visualize basal cells of the prostate?
P63
72
What is the role of PSA?
liquefies the seminal fluid once it has entered the vagina to allow sperm to swim freely.
73
What are the three layers of the ureter?
mucosa, muscularis and adventitia.
74
What is the physiological function of the ureter?
peristaltic contraction of its muscle layer propels the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder
75
What tissue type lines the bladder?
urothelium (transitional epithelium)
76
Describe urothelium.
composed of five to six layers of cells with oval nuclei, often with linear nuclear grooves, and a surface layer consisting of large, flattened “umbrella cells” with abundant cytoplasm.
77
What is the muscularis mucosae?
discontinuous "whisps" of smooth muscle in the lamina propria of the bladder
78
What is the muscularis propria?
deeper well-defined larger muscle bundles of the detrusor muscle in the bladder
79
Bladder cancers are based on invasion of what structure?
detrusor muscle (muscularis propria NOT muscularis mucosae!!!)

Reproductive (21 decks)

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