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Reproductive > PATH: Reproductive System Histo > Flashcards

PATH: Reproductive System Histo Flashcards

1
Q

Lining (membrane) of body passages and cavities that communicate directly or indirectly with the exterior (commonly containing mucin-secreting glands)

A

Mucosa

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2
Q

Outermost layer (covering) of an organ in a serosal cavity (peritoneal, pleural or pericardial) consisting of fibroelastic tissue covered by mesothelium continuous with the lining of the cavity

A

Serosa

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3
Q

The space between the organized cellular element of a tissue

A

Interstitium

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4
Q

Acellular fibrous (collagenous) membrane separating the organized cellular elements of a tissue from the interstitium

A

Basement membrane

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5
Q

The purely cellular avascular layer covering and lining all the external and internal surfaces of the body and associated glands

A

Epithelium

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6
Q

The functional tissue of an organ, which performs the function of the organ

A

Parenchyma

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7
Q

The supportive connective tissue around the parenchyma

A

Stroma

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8
Q

Why does menstruation occur?

A

Menstruation occurs due to the regression of the corpus luteum and the abrupt loss of estradiol and progesterone cause the endometrial lining and blood to be sloughed

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9
Q

Why might you see neutrophils in the endometrium close to menses?

A

Neutrophils are present because they are there prepared to attack infection (common in the endometrium).

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10
Q

Describe proliferative endometrium.

A

narrow and straight glands lined with pseudostatified epithelium and stroma with spindle-shaped cells (may see mitoses)

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11
Q

Describe early secretory endometrium.

A

Glands have a more “cork-screw shape” and the funcitonalis is more edematous (pushing glands apart).

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12
Q

What feature of early secretory endometrium is a “hint” that ovulation has occurred?

A

prominent basal cytoplasmic vacuoles (which begin 36-48 hours post-ovulation and are evidence that it has occurred)

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13
Q

Describe late secretory endometrium.

A

tortuous dilated glands containing secretions

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14
Q

Has the oocyte in the primordial follicle completed meiosis?

A

No, completion of meiosis I does not occur until ovulation

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15
Q

What does the primary follicle have that the primordial follicle does not have?

A

continuous layer of follicle cells (granulosa cells)

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16
Q

What is the name of the eosinophilic “division” between the primary oocyte and the granulosa cells of a primary follicle?

A

zona pellucida

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17
Q

What structures defines a secondary follicle?

A

antrum

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18
Q

What do granulosa cells secrete?

A

a myriad of growth factor and FSH (to stimulate themselves to convert androgens to estradiol by armomatase during the proliferative phase)

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19
Q

What cells produce the androgens that the granulosa cells convert to estrogen?

A

theca interna cells

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20
Q

After ovulation, what happens to granulosa cells?

A

they turn into granulosa lutein cells that produce progesterone

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21
Q

How would a granulosa cell tumor manifest clinically in a child?

A

precocious puberty

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22
Q

How would a granulosa cell tumor manifest clinically in an adult?

A

breast cancer (estrogen is growth promoting) and endometrial cancer

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23
Q

Would a granulosa cell tumor manifest differently after menopause?

A

don’t know??

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24
Q

What is the shape of the antrum in a Graafian Follicle?

A

horse-shoe shaped

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25
Q

What is the cumulous oophorus?

A

Granulosa cells still surround the oocyte “floating” in the antrum and form a “mound” that connects the oocyte to the rest of the granulosa cells

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26
Q

The granulosa cells adjacent to the oocyte extend processes toward and through the oocyte forming radiating lines that are referred to as what after ovulation?

A

corona radiata

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27
Q

Why is the corpus luteum yellow?

A

cholesterol

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28
Q

Why is the corpora albicantia white?

A

it is a scar due to follicular atresia of the CL

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29
Q

What happens to the CL if fertilization of the ovum occurs?

A

If fertilization does occur the CL will secrete steroid hormones until the placenta assumes this role later in pregnancy (around 10-12 weeks). Hormones of the trophoblast (hCG) will maintain CL until that point.

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30
Q

What happens to the CL if fertilization does NOT occur?

A

If fertilization does NOT occur, the CL will regress during the next 14 days and involutes and is replaced by a scar called the corpus albicans.

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31
Q

What does blood in the antrum signify?

A

recent ovulation (blood vessels of the ovarian wall leak into the antrum)

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32
Q

What is it called when the blood from ovulation is excessive and turns a brown color?

A

chocolate cyst

33
Q

Single cell layer of modified peritoneal mesothelial cells, overlying stroma of spindle-shaped cells

A

Ovary serosa

34
Q

70% of ovarian tumors, including 90% of malignant ones, are from the serosal surface. Why is that?

A

Stromal cells are not proliferating much. They are structural but do not turn over. There IS proliferation on the serosal epithelium.

35
Q

What happens if a fertilized egg gets stuck in the fallopian tube?

A

Ectopic pregnancy. It is in the nature of trophoblasts to invade. They especially invade blood vessels and there will be a fatal hemorrhage!

36
Q

Why is the fallopian tube lining ciliated?

A

you need movement of the cilia to propel the egg down into the fallopian tube to be fertilized ALSO keeps the sperm off of the fallopian tube wall

37
Q

What part of the cervix has stratified squamous epithelium?

A

exocervix

38
Q

What part of the cervix has columnar epithelium of cells with abundant cytoplasmic mucin?

A

endocervix

39
Q

What extra cells are commonly found in the cervical submucosa? Why?

A

T cells (lymphocytes). They are normally present in the cervix, because the cervix is really close to the outside surface (close to yeast and bacteria, etc.).

40
Q

In childhood, where does the squamous epithelium of the exocervix meet the columnar epithelium of the endocervix?

A

cervical os

41
Q

What changes occur to the cervix at puberty?

A

With puberty, this squamocolumnar junction moves out onto the exocervix and the exposed columnar epithelium undergoes squamous metaplasia in a transformation zone

42
Q

The metaplastic squamous cells of the cervical transformation zone are particularly prone to infection with what?

A

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)

43
Q

What can HPV progress to in the cervix?

A

squamous cell carcinoma

44
Q

How do you prevent development of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix?

A

regularly visualizing the squamo-columnar junction and taking a Pap smear to detect dysplasia before it becomes carcinoma

45
Q

How many cell layers line the breast duct?

A

two: inner epithelial and outer myoepithelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane

46
Q

90% of breast cancers are of what type?

A

ductal

47
Q

How can a pathologist differentiate in situ carcinoma from hyperplasia?

A

hyperplasia will leave the layer of myoepithelial cells in place that can be identified with immunostains

48
Q

What is an immunostain that can be used to visualize the layer of myoepithelial cells in hyperplasia?

A

myosin stain

49
Q

What is decidualization?

A

Prolonged high levels of progesterone produced by the corpus luteum of pregnancy transform the spindle-shaped stromal cells of proliferative endometrial stroma into enlarged rounded cells with abundant smooth pink cytoplasm

50
Q

Why does menstrual endometrium look like cancer?

A

Rapid cell proliferation. Higher nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio than basal unstimulated endometrium. These are also pleomorphic cells.

51
Q

What embryonic cells become the ovary?

A

primordial germ cells

52
Q

What structures become the rest of the female reproductive system?

A

Müllerian (paramesonephric) ducts

53
Q

When does the urogenital sinus develop?

A

when the cloaca is subdivided by the urorectal septum

54
Q

What does the urogenital sinus become in the developing female?

A

it eventually forms the lower

part of the vagina and the vestibule of the external genitalia

55
Q

What are Gartner duct cysts?

A

Wolffian (mesonephric) ducts normally regress in the female, but remnants may persist into adult life as epithelial inclusions. In the cervix and vagina these rests may be cystic.

56
Q

Describe the cervix/fundus ratio before puberty.

A

Cervix is 2/3 and fundus is 1/3

57
Q

Describe the cervix/fundus ratio after puberty.

A

Estrogen stimulation tells fundus to grow (2/3) and cervix is 1/3 (everts).

58
Q

What do seminiferous tubules make?

A

SPERM

59
Q

What is the progression of sperm production?

A

spermatogonia –> primary spermatocytes (large cells that are off of the BM)–> secondary spermatocytes (short life)–> early spermatids (small round nucleus)–> late spermatids (mature sperm that are still attached)

60
Q

What other cells are located in seminiferous tubules that nurture developing sperm?

A

Sertoli cells

61
Q

What do Leydig cells produce?

A

testosterone

62
Q

What is the progression of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the urethra?

A

Seminiferous tubules–> rete testes –> epididymis (waits until ejaculation)–> vas deferens–> ejaculatory duct–> urethra

63
Q

What are the 3 regions of the prostate?

A 
central zone (CZ)
peripheral zone (PZ)
transitional zone (TZ)
64
Q

Where do most prostate carcinomas arise? What is the consequence?

A

Most carcinomas arise from the peripheral zone and, as a result of their location, they are sometimes palpable during digital examination of the rectum.

65
Q

Where does most benign nodular hyperplasia of the prostate arise? What is the consequence?

A 
Benign nodular hyperplasia,
arises from the more central transitional zone and, as a result of this location, often
produces urinary obstruction
because the urethra passes
through the central part of
the prostate.
66
Q

Will someone with prostate cancer have trouble urinating?

A

LESS COMMON that if they had BPH

67
Q

What controls the growth and survival of prostatic cells?

A

testicular androgens

68
Q

How many cell layers line the glands of the prostate?

A

two (basal layer of low cuboidal epithelium covered by a layer of columnar secretory cells)

69
Q

What separates the glands of the prostate?

A

abundant fibromuscular stroma

70
Q

Why is the fact the two layers of cell line prostate glands important?

A

This is important to know, because you may lose the basal layer in cancer.

71
Q

What stains can be used to visualize basal cells of the prostate?

A

P63

72
Q

What is the role of PSA?

A

liquefies the seminal fluid once it has entered the vagina to allow sperm to swim freely.

73
Q

What are the three layers of the ureter?

A

mucosa, muscularis and adventitia.

74
Q

What is the physiological function of the ureter?

A

peristaltic contraction of its muscle layer propels the urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder

75
Q

What tissue type lines the bladder?

A

urothelium (transitional epithelium)

76
Q

Describe urothelium.

A

composed of five to six layers of cells with oval nuclei, often with linear nuclear grooves, and a surface layer consisting of large, flattened “umbrella cells” with abundant cytoplasm.

77
Q

What is the muscularis mucosae?

A

discontinuous “whisps” of smooth muscle in the lamina propria of the bladder

78
Q

What is the muscularis propria?

A

deeper well-defined larger muscle bundles of the detrusor muscle in the bladder

79
Q

Bladder cancers are based on invasion of what structure?

A

detrusor muscle (muscularis propria NOT muscularis mucosae!!!)

Reproductive (21 decks)

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