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3rd path test > Path of digestive system (Castleman) > Flashcards

Path of digestive system (Castleman) Flashcards

1
Q

Pathologic dzs of oral cavity

Developmental dz

A
  • Developmental dz
    • cleft palate
    • prognathism
    • brachygnathism
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2
Q

Cleft palate

A
  • due to delayed development and fusion of lateral palatine arches
  • genetic or toxic etiology
    • plant tox
    • steroids during pregnancy
    • veratrum californicum in sheep
    • poison hemlock in pigs
  • Common complication
    • aspiration pneumonia
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3
Q

Brachynathia and Prognathia

A
  • Brachy (short); prognathia (long jaw)
  • Growth abnormalities various causes (usually unknown)
    • Genetic abnormalities
    • Calcium deficiency
    • Chondrodysplasia
  • Complications are species dependant
    • malocclusion
    • tooth growth and wear abnormalities
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4
Q

Inflammatory lesions

Oral cavity

A
  1. vesicular
  2. erosive/ulcerative
  3. proliferative
  4. other
    1. pseudomembranous
    2. granulomatous
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5
Q

Inflammatory dzs

Vesicular stomatitis/esophagitis

A
  • Large, fluid-filled lesions in mucosa
    • blood
    • neutraphils
  • Lesions are short lived, progress rapidly to erosions/ulcers
  • Causes
    • viral (usual)
    • thermal, toxic (rare)
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6
Q

When you see erosive stomatitits in cattle

A

Always have to consider Foot-in-mouth as a ddx

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7
Q

Inflammatory dzs of oral cavity

Erosive/Ulcerative Stomatitis

A
  • Causes
    • viral infection
      • calicivirus
      • BVD
      • bluetongue virus in sheep
    • Toxic dz
      • phenylbutazone
    • uremia
    • immune mediated disease
      • pemphigus vulgarus
      • SLE

*often also esophageal involvement

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8
Q

Inflammatory lesions of oral cavity

Proliferative stomatitis/esophagitis

A
  • Causes
    • parapox viruses
      • bovine papular stomatitis: calves
      • contagious ecthyma - sheep, goat
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9
Q

Inflammatory lesions of oral cavity

Necrotizing stomatitis

A
  • causes
    • bacterial
      • oral necrobacillosis/fusobacterium necrophorum
      • actinobacillus (wooden tongue, osteomyelitis)
    • infarctive
      • NSAIDS: obstructs small capillaries
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10
Q

Inflammatory lesions of the oral cavity

Granulomatous

Pseudomembranous

A
  • Granulomatous
    • cryptococcal stomatitis
  • Pseudomembranous
    • Simian immunodeficiency virus
    • then something about yeast and hyphae take over, I think
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11
Q

Vesicular oral lesions can be induced by all of the following except

  • A. Foot and Mouth Disease virus
  • B. Thermal injury
  • C. Vesicular stomatitis virus
  • D. Swine vesicular disease virus
  • E. Bovine papular stomatitis virus
A
  • E. Bovine papular stomatitis virus
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12
Q

Ulcerative oral lesions can be induced by

  • A. Chronic uremia
  • B. Calicivirus
  • C. Bovine virus diarrhea virus
  • D. Foot and mouth disease virus
  • E. All of the above
A
  • E. All of the above
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13
Q

Oral cavity

Neoplastic dzs dogs and cats

A
  • Periodontal fibromatous epulis
  • Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
  • Melanoma
  • Fibrosarcoma
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14
Q

Periodontal Fibromatous Epulis

Dogs

A
  • Age:
    • usually over 3 years of age
    • mean 8.5 years
  • Location
    • anywhere on the gingiva
  • Histological features
    • mesenchymal spindle to stellate cells (periodontal ligament)
    • odontogenic epithelium (cell rests of Malassez)
    • variable matrix with characteristics of bone, dentin or cementum
  • Behavior if untreated
    • expansile and non-invasive
    • excision is usually curative
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15
Q

Acanthomatous ameloblastoma

aka: Acanthomatous epulis

Dogs

A
  • Age
    • older than three years of age
    • mean 8.8 years
  • Location
    • anywhere on the gingiva
  • Histologic features
    • interconnecting, invasive sheets of odontogenic epithelium
  • Behavior if untreated
    • invasive into bone
    • no metastasis
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16
Q

Squamous Cell carcinoma

Dog

A
  • Age
    • mean: 8 yrs old
  • Location
    • Tonsil, gingiva, lip, tongue, palate, pharynx
  • Gross features
    • nodular, firm, oten ulcerated
  • Behavior if untreated
    • Tonsillar: metastasis to regional nodes early (98%) with frequent more distant metastasis (63%)
    • Others: locally invasive, lower percentage 5-10% metastasize
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17
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

Cat

A
  • Most common oral tumor in the cat
  • Age
    • median: 12 yo
  • Location
    • tongue, and gingiva most common
  • Gros and histo features
    • same as dog
  • Behavior if untreated
    • locally invasive and mass producing
    • destructive to bone
    • 15% metastasis rate to local nodes (one study)
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18
Q

Oral malignant melanoma

A
  • age
    • mean: 11 yo
  • Location
    • Gingiva and lips most common
  • Behavior if untreated
    • 70% metastasize to regional lymph nodes
    • 67% to distant sites
      • lung, brain, eyes, liver, kidney
  • May be amelanotic
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19
Q

Fibrosarcoma

Dog

A
  • Age
    • mean: 7.2 years
  • Location
    • gingiva, hard/soft palate, lip, tongue
  • Behavior if untreated
    • local infiltration and tissue destruction
    • metastasis in 20% to local lymph nodes
    • 10-20% to lungs
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20
Q

Which of the following oral neoplasms in dogs has the greatest pobability of metastasis?

  • A. Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma
  • B. Periodontal fibromatous epulis
  • C. Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
  • D. Squamous papilloma
  • E. Leiomyoma
A
  • A. Tonsillar squamous cell carcinoma
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21
Q

Which of the following oral neoplasms in dogs has the least probability of invasion and/or metastasis?

  • A. Melanoma
  • B. Periodontal fibromatous epulis
  • C. Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
  • D. Fibrosarcoma
  • E. Leiomyomasarcoma
A
  • B. Periodontal fibromatous epulis
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22
Q

Calf: Morphologic diagnosis

Most likely cause is trauma and infection by?

A
  • Stomatitis
  • Focal
  • Necrotizing
  • Chronic: deep, rounded edges
  • Likely cause: fusobacterum necrophorum
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23
Q

Cow: Morphologic diagnosis

Most likely cause?

A
  • esophagous, esophagitis
  • Multifocal: some spots are not affected
  • Ulcers and erosions
  • Most likely cause: BVD
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24
Q

Pathology of the Esophagus

A
  • Inflammatory disease
  • Megaesophagus
  • Impaction / obstruction
  • Neoplasia
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25
Q

Esophageal inflammation

A
  • Generally comparable to inflammation in the oral cavity due to infectious agents
  • Exceptions of note
    • reflux esophagitis
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26
Q

Esophageal impaction

A
  • lots of dry, poorly masticated feed
  • Regurge, bloat, choke
  • pressure induced necrosis
  • esophageal damage
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27
Q

Esophageal neoplasms

A
  • papillom
  • leiomyom/leiomyosarcoma
  • squamous cell carcinoma
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28
Q

Pathology of rumen/reticulum/omasum

A
  • Infectious inflammatory diseases
  • Chemical ruminitis
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29
Q

Infectious rumenitis/omasitis/reticulitis

A
  • Erosive/Ulcerative
  • Proliferative
  • Necrotizing
  • Other
    • Pseudomembranous
    • Granulomatous
30
Q

Rumenitis

Lactic Acidosis

A
  • Carbohydrate overload
  • Lactic acid burn of mucosa
  • Acidosis
  • Chronic complications
    • scars
    • mycotic infection
    • bacterial infection—hepatitis
31
Q

Pathology of Stomach/Abomasum

A
  • Ulcers
  • Inflammatory dz
  • Rupture
  • Neoplasia
32
Q

Ulcers

Associated conditions

A
  • Trauma, chemical injury
  • High acidity
  • Local ishemia
  • Helicobacter spp
  • Parasites
  • Neoplastic dz
    • mast cells and gastrin producing tumors
33
Q

Gastritis/abomasitis

causes

A
  • Infectious
    • Clostridial
    • Fungal
      • mycotic, animals on abx have changed gastral flora
    • Parasitic
      • ostertagia ostertagie – protein abomasopathy
    • Helicobacter spp
  • Toxic
34
Q

Gastric/abomasal neoplasia

A
  • Adenocarcinoma
  • Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma/GIST
  • Lymphoma
    • cats: stomach
    • dogs: stomach
  • Squamous cell carcinoma-horse
35
Q

Most likely cause

A
  • Chronic, diffuse, hyperplastic abomasitis
    • also widely disseminated, multifocal
  • ostertagia ostertagia
36
Q

Most likely etiologic diagnosis

A
  • Acute multi-focal hemorrhagic and necrotizing omasitis
  • Mycotic omasitis
37
Q

Most likely morphologic diagnosis?

A
  • leiomyoma or gastrointestinal stromal tumor
38
Q

GI obstruction/vascular obstruction

A
  • Gastric/abomasal volvulus
  • Intestinal volvulus/torsion
  • Intestinal external herniation
  • Itenstinal internal herniation/entrapment
  • Intussusception
  • Intestinal stenosis/atresia
  • Intestinal stricture
  • Enteroliths and impactions
39
Q

Gastric/abomasal volvulus

A
  • Twist of stomach/intestine on self and mesentery
  • Consequences
    • obstruction of lumen
    • obstruction of vascular supply and hemorrhagic infarction
40
Q

Predisposing factors

Gastric Dilation and Volvulus in Dogs

A
  • Initial gastric dilation
    • gas accumulation
    • dietary and feeding/exercise may influence
  • Volvulus that may be associated with
    • deep chested body configuration
    • relaxation/stretching of gastrohepatic ligament
41
Q

Right displaced abomasum

Predisposing Factors

A
  1. Displacement of Abomasum (LDA and RDA)
    • Conditions during first 6 weeks of lactation
    • High production of volatile fatty acids with diet
    • GI stasis allowing abomasal stasis and gas accumulation and decrease in size of rumen
    • Deep body cavity
  2. Unknown factors contribute to vovlulus following right sided displacement
42
Q

def: Torsion
def: Volvulus

A
  • Torsion
    • twist around the long axis of the intestinal segment
  • Volvulus
    • twist in axis outside the long axis of the organ and involving the mesentery
43
Q

Herniation/Vovulus dz examples

A
  • Internal herniation through epiploic foramen
  • Mesenteric rents
  • Strangulating lipoma
  • Intussusception
    • Intussusceptum goes in Intussuscipiens
44
Q

Intussusception

Predisposing factors

A
  • Enteritis/altered motility
  • Intestinal foreign body
  • Intestinal polyp/neoplasm
45
Q

Stenosis and Atresia

A
  • Stenosis
  • Membrane atresia
  • Cord atresia
  • Blind end atresia
46
Q

Vascular Obstruction

A
  • Thrombosis/thromboembolism/infarction
    • horses: secondary to strongilus vulgaris
  • Intestinal lymphangiectasia
47
Q
A
  • Intestinal linear foreign body obstruction
48
Q
A
  • Internal herniation of small intestine through epiploic foramen with infarction
49
Q
A
  • Mesenteric volvulus
50
Q

DZ affecting intestinal Crypts

A
  • Parvovirus replication
  • BVD
  • Rinderpest
  • Mycotoxin
  • Radiation
51
Q

Dzs affecting Villar tip

A
  • Rotavirus
  • Coronavirus replication
  • Cryptosporidium attach, replicate
52
Q

Mechanisms of Diarrhea in Enterocolitis

A
  1. Maldigestion/Malabsorption - Osmotic
    • epithelial surface area loss via villous atrophy and other mechanisms
  2. Secretory mechanisms - Cl- Secretion
    • Many infectious agents act at the level of the intestinal crypts
  3. Increased permeability
    • Mucosal epithelial damage
    • Inc vascular permeability
53
Q

Morphologic classification of enterocolitis according to Exudate

A
  • Necrotizing (gross and microscopic)
  • Fibrinonectic
  • Proliferative
  • Granulomatous
54
Q

ecrotizing Enterocolitis Resulting in Villous atrophy

A
  • viral
  • protozoal
55
Q

Known causes of infectious diarrheal dz in calves with villous atrophy

A
  • Bovine corona virus
  • Bovine rotavirus
  • Cryptosporidia sp.
  • Bovine enteric calicivirus
  • Bovine norovirus
  • Bovine enteric syncitial virus
    • rotavirus grp B
  • Bovine parvovirus
  • Astrovirus
  • Some E. Coli
56
Q

Parvovirus can also cause

A

lymphoid atrophy

57
Q

BVD can also cause

A

Acute multifocal erosive enteritis with necrosis of Peyer’s patches

58
Q

Which of the following infectious agents induces villous atrophy?

  • A. Rotavirus
  • B. Coronavirus
  • C. Cryptosporidia sp.
  • D. Parvovirus
  • E. All of the above
A
  • E. All of the above
59
Q

Which of the following infectious agents induces necrosis of crypt epithelial cells?

  • A. Rotavirus
  • B. Coronavirus
  • C. Cryptosporidia sp.
  • D. Parvovirus
A
  • D. Parvovirus
60
Q

Enteric salmonellosis

A
  • classic disease resulting in fibrinonectroic lesions and fibrin casts
61
Q

Pathogenic mechanisms

Salmonella

Not exam question

A
  • Attach to M-cells, enterocytes and goblet cells
  • Survive in phagosome
    • neutralize NO through SPI-2
  • Toxins inducing necrosis
    • Enterotoxin
    • Verotoxin
    • Endotoxin
  • Upregulate chloride ion secretion via PGE2
62
Q

Salmonella

Pathogenesis

A
  • Forms
    1. Peracute septicemia: sudden death
      • Vasculitis, thrombosis
      • common in rodents and pigs
        • diamond skin lesions
    2. Acute enteric salmonellosis
      • Enterocolitis: fibrinonecrotic lesions
      • Septicemia: hepatocellular necrosis, lymphadenomegally, splenomegally, fibrinous cholecystitis
    3. Chronic enteric salmonellosis
      • Enterocolitis
      • Thrombosis
      • Rectal strictures in pigs
63
Q

DDX for fibrinonectrotic intestinal lesions

A
  • salmonellosis
  • enterotoxigenic E. coli - calves
  • clostridium difficile - horses, other sp.
  • lawsonia intracellularis - classic in pigs
  • brachyspira hyodysenteriae and anaerobes - swine dysentary
64
Q

Hemorrhagic Enterocolitis

Causes

A
  • Clostridial perfringens type C and other clostridia
  • Shigellosis in primates
  • Lawsonia intracellularis in pigs
  • Coccidiosis
  • Eimeria bovis in colon- calves, lambs and rabbits
65
Q

Hyperplastic Enterocolitis

Causes

A
  • Lawsonia intracellularis - proliferative ileitis in a pig
  • Coccidiosis
66
Q

Granulomatous Enterocolitis

Causes

A
  • Mycobacterial infection
  • Histoplasmosis, other deep mycoses
  • Less well defined entities
    • granulomatous enteritis in horses

*Johne’s dz classic example

  • Chronic diffuse granulomatous enteritis and lymphangitis
67
Q

Which of the following infectious agents most commonly induces fibrinonecrotic enterocolitis?

test question

  • A. Rotavirus
  • B. Salmonella sp.
  • C. Cryptosporidia sp.
  • D. Mycobacteria sp.
  • E. Lawsonia intracellularis
A
  • B. Salmonella sp
68
Q

Which of the following infectious agents most commonly induces proliferative enteritis?

  • A. Rotavirus
  • B. Salmonella sp.
  • C. Cryptosporidia sp.
  • D. Mycobacteria sp.
  • E. Lawsonia intracellularis
A
  • E. Lawsonia intracellularis
69
Q

Intestinal Neoplasia

A
  • Lymphoma
  • Epithelial tumors
    • adenoma
    • adenocarcinoma
  • Leiomyoma/Leiomyosarcoma/GIST
  • Carcinoid
70
Q

Intestinal adenocarcinoma

Dog

A
  • Age
    • mean: 9 yo
  • More common in males
  • Location
    • colon/rectum > 55%
    • Small intestine < 45%
  • Gross features
    • plaque like or ulceratied
    • may be partially polypoid in colon/rectum
    • small intestine: almost always annular and constricted
  • Behavior if untreated
    • spread to local nodes and implant throughout peritoneum and liver
71
Q

Intestinal Adenocarcinoma

Cat

A
  • Age
    • mean: 11 yo
  • More common in males
  • Siamese cats may be more susceptible
  • Location
    • small intestine (90%)
  • Gross features
    • small intestine: almost always annular and constrictive/obstructive
  • Behavior if undetected
    • usually spread to local nodes and implant throughout peritoneum by time noted clinically

3rd path test (4 decks)

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