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MOHD3: Exam 1 > Path Neoplasia (Bruch) > Flashcards

Path Neoplasia (Bruch) Flashcards

1
Q

refers to an increase in cell number that results in increased organ volume and/or weight

A

hyperplasia

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2
Q

a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type; results from the reprogramming of reserve (stem) cells within an adult tissue

A

metaplasia

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3
Q

a disorderly growth of cells with loss of cellular uniformity, considered preneoplastic in adult tissues

A

dysplasia

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4
Q

an abnormal mass of tissue with autonomous growth, which is uncoordinated with normal tissue

A

neoplasia

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5
Q

what are the 2 key characteristics of malignant tumors that differentiate them from benign tumors?

A

ability to invade and ability to metastasize

Benign neoplasms push adjacent structures, but don’t invade.

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6
Q

True or false: infiltration of adjacent tissues is early metastasis.

A

False. Infiltration of adjacent structures is not considered a metastasis. Sometimes it is difficult to tell if a tumor outside the site of origin is there by direct extension or by metastasis.

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7
Q

what is the best tool for predicting neoplasm behavior and best therapy course?

A

histologic features are used to predict behavior and as a result also dictate therapy.

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8
Q

normally, neoplastic proliferation occurs in the _____ and induces ____ growth; in some cases however, a tumor can have neoplastic components of both

A

parenchyma; stromal

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9
Q 
Which of these is a generalization of benign neoplasms?
A. fast growing
B. poorly differentiated
C. metastatic
D. destructive invasive growth
E. absent necrosis
A

E

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10
Q

general term for tumor with glandular origin or characteristics

A

adenoma

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11
Q

what are 2 specific problems benign neoplasms cause?

A
  1. they can grow and crowd out surrounding structures (ie, compress vessels, nerves, etc)
  2. they usually mimic the function of their normal neighboring cells, which may have hormone/endocrine implications, causing significant symptoms and morbidity
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12
Q

complications of this type of tumor include compression of vital organs

A

meningioma

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13
Q

this type of tumor is considered a precursor lesion to a malignant neoplasm, and it exhibits some degree of dysplasia

A

tubular adenoma (adenomatous polyp)

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14
Q

term that refers to the growth of fibrous or connective tissue secondary to an insult

A

desmoplasia

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15
Q

this term literally means “backward formation” implying dedifferentiation (or loss of the structural & functional differentiation of normal cells)

A

anaplasia

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16
Q

malignant cells that are well differentiated exhibit what characteristic?

A

resemblance to cell of origin

17
Q

these cells often lose their polarity and grow as sheets, contain mitotic figures, are pleomorphic and have a high N:C (hyperchromatic)

A

malignant (specifically, anaplastic) cells

18
Q

malignancy of mesenchymal tissues (bone, muscle, vessels)

A

sarcoma

19
Q

these 2 cancers characteristically spread via the lymphatics, with the patterns of node involvement depending on the site

A

colon and breast

20
Q

these 2 cancers characteristically spread via the blood (hematogenously)

A

kidney and colon

21
Q

a proliferation of epithelial cells with cellular morphology of malignancy, but still confined within the epithelium; a pre-invasive process with no risk of metastasis

A

carcinoma in situ

22
Q

this is determined by cytologic/histologic appearance with the idea that behavior and differentiation are related (poorly differentiated -> more aggressive behavior)

A

grade

23
Q

in general, this is the most important predictor of behavior and is determined by surgical exploration and/or imaging; based on size, local and regional lymph node involvement and distant metastasis

A

stage

24
Q

this is the most commonly utilized staging system for malignant tumors, that surgeons and oncologists use to determine a treatment plan

A

TNM Staging (size of primary Tumor, involvement of lymph Nodes, hematogenous Metastasis)

25
Q

Which of these is FALSE regarding management and treatment of patients with cancer?
A. Molecular diagnostic techniques include FISH and PCR
B. The most useful application of morphological based testing is detection of recurrence after excision
C. CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) and AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) are serologic markers normally expressed in fetal tissue only, whose serum levels become raised in some types of cancers
D. One drawback of morphologic sampling is that the sample may not represent the entire tumor adequately
E. Pattern recognition is important for describing and classifying neoplasms

A

B. It is the serologic tumor marker whose best utility is for for detection of recurrences after excision.

26
Q

Most widely used marker for gastrointestinal cancers – colon, stomach, pancreas as well as breast

A

CEA

27
Q

germ cell tumors that have yolk sac-like differentiation can often be detected by this serum marker

A

AFP

28
Q

malignancy of epithelial-derived tissues; breast, colon, lung and ovary malignancies are usually this type

A

carcinoma

29
Q

malignancy of blood element-derived tissues; lymphomas and leukemias

A

hematopoietic neoplasia

30
Q

malignancy of melanocytic-differentiating cells

A

melanoma

31
Q

histologic features suggesting this type of malignancy include clustered structures called keratin pearls and intercellular bridges

A

squamous carcinoma

32
Q

histologic features suggesting this type of malignancy include discohesive cells usually all of one type and stage of maturation, with no intercellular bridges and no gland formation

A

hematopoietic tumors

33
Q

histologic features suggesting this type of malignancy include spindle cells that are often cohesive but lack intercellular bridges

A

sarcoma

34
Q

this type of malignancy is said to be the great mimic - it can have appearances similar to many neoplasms but melanin pigment is often seen

A

melanoma

35
Q

this technique allows use of specific antibodies to be reacted on tissue slides to identify markers of interest
and must always be used in conjunction with morphology (histology or cytology)

A

immunohistochemistry

36
Q

Which of these is NOT a major use of immunohistochemistry?
A. Categorization of undifferentiated malignant tumors
B. More precise classification of malignant neoplasms
C. Determination of origin of metastatic tumors
D. Detection of molecules that have prognostic or therapeutic significance
E. Detection of recurrence of neoplasm

A

E

MOHD3: Exam 1 (16 decks)

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