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MOHD3: Exam 1 > Female Reproduction (Segaloff) > Flashcards

Female Reproduction (Segaloff) Flashcards

1
Q

term that means the degeneration of those ovarian follicles that do not ovulate during the menstrual cycle

A

atresia

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2
Q

this G-protein coupled receptor ligand is released from the hypothalamus to stimulate the release of GnRH

A

kisspeptin (binds to kiss1 receptor on GnRH neurons)

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2
Q

hormone secreted by the fetal adrenal gland that increases lung maturation (increased synthesis of surfactant A and phospholipids)

A

cortisol

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4
Q

why is the LH surge in mid-cycle higher than the FSH surge?

A

because inhibins are suppressing FSH secretion

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5
Q

phase of partuition initiated by progesterone withdrawal, in which the myometrium gains capacity to contract forcibly and rhythmically and becomes more responsive to stimulatory uterotonins

A

phase 1 (transformation)

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6
Q

phase of parturition characterized by: • closed cervix • myometrium in state of relaxation • uterine insensitivity to uterotonins (e.g., oxytocin)

A

phase 0 (quiescence)

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6
Q

stage of partuition that begins after the placenta, fetal membranes and decidua are expelled

A

phase 3 (hemostasis and involution)

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6
Q

The high concentrations of ____ in pregnancy promote extensive duct development, while high concentrations of ____ stimulate alveolar-lobular formation

A

estrogen; progesterone

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6
Q

Which of the following statements regarding placental hormones is TRUE?

A. hCG stimulates placental progesterone and estrogen synthesis.

B. Placental lactogen stimulates the synthesis of mammary gland enzymes required for the synthesis of milk.

C. Placental estrogen and progesterone concentrations are less than those produced by the corpus luteum of pregnancy.

D. The placenta synthesizes androgen substrates for aromatization into estrogens.

E. Placental hCG concentrations are undetectable by the third trimester of pregnancy.

A

B

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8
Q

Recent studies suggest that thelarche and menarche are occurring earlier in U.S. girls, coinciding with a rise in obesity prevalence. Why is this?

A

aromatase is constitutively active in adipose tissue, and is responsible for converting androgens to estrogen, prompting development of breast tissue and menses.

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9
Q

What 2 cells and 2 hormones are required for ovarian estrogen synthesis?

A

theca cells (andrestenodione) and granulosa cells (estradiol)

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9
Q

How does progesterone prepare the uterus for potential implantation of a fertilized ovum?

A

“quiets” the myometrium; thickens the cervical mucus

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10
Q

at what 3 times during human development are LH and FSH secreted?

A

during fetal development, infancy, and puberty

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10
Q

cells on the outside layer of the blastocyst that secrete hCG and mediate implantation, then develop into the fetal portions of the placenta

A

trophoblast cells

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11
Q

What hormone, released from adipose tissue, acts on the hypothalamus to provide a permissive signal for the onset of puberty?

A

leptin

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11
Q

True or false: Androstenodione from granulosa cells diffuses into theca cells where aromatose converts it to estradiol.

A

False. Androstenodione diffuses from theca cells, which lack aromatase, into granulosa cells where it can be converted to estradiol.

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12
Q

event that stimulates the completion of the second meiotic division of the ovum

A

fertilization

13
Q

phase of partuition that is the onset of labor

A

phase 2 (activation)

15
Q

what is the main action/target of ovarian estrogen and progesterone

A

prepare the endometrium for implantation

16
Q

True or false: the growth of primordial follicles to primary follicles is independent of FSH and is mediated by local growth factors

A

True. It is the subsequent growth of primary follicles that is critically dependent on FSH.

17
Q

what phase of the monthly sexual cycle does a sustained level of estrogen stimulate an LH/FSH surge, by enhancing the responsivness of the pituitary gonadotrope cells to GnRH?

A

end of the follicular stage

18
Q

Estrogens mediate the establishment of secondary sex charateristics, such as breast development, with what exception?

A

estrogen does not influence axillary and pubic hair growth - this is mediated by adrenal androgens

19
Q

Typically, a diagnosis of precocious puberty in girls is considered when signs of puberty develop prior to how many years of age?

A

8

20
Q

what are the roles of prolactin and oxytocin during nursing?

A

prolactin: released by the anterior posterior via signals from the hypothalamus in response to suckling, increases milk synthesis and secretion into the alveoli
oxytocin: concurrently secreted from the posterior pituitary, stimulates contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli to cause milk ejection into ducts (let down)

22
Q

the transition to puberty involves what two processes?

A

gonadarche (growth/maturation of the gonads) adrenarche (maturation of the adrenal cortex –> pubarche)

22
Q

True of false: while gonadotropin hormones each have a distinct α-subunit, they all share a common β-subunit

A

False. Gonadotropin hormones are each composed of a common α-subunit and a unique β-subunit.

23
Q

In a non-pregnant woman of reproductive age, which of the following statements is TRUE?

A. Ovarian secretion of progesterone causes proliferation of the uterine endometrium.

B. Regression of the corpus luteum causes a decline in pituitary FSH secretion.

C. Ovulation triggers a surge in pituitary LH and FSH secretion.

D. Early follicular phase ovarian estrogen inhibits LH and FSH secretion.

E. Menstruation is triggered by rapidly declining LH and FSH levels.

A

D

24
Q

fluid-filled cavity that becomes the fluid of the amniotic sac

A

blastocele

26
Q

____ is secreted by granulosa cells of early and mid stage follicles and ____ by granulosa cells of the dominant follicle and by the corpus luteum

A

inhibin B; inhibin A

27
Q

the target actions of this hormone include final follicular development and ovum maturation, stimulating the proliferation of endometrial cells, and thinning the cervical mucus.

A

estrogen

29
Q

At the start of each follicular phase, a cohort of how many follicles is stimulated by FSH to grow further?

A

6-12

30
Q

during female fetal development, oocytes proliferate until approximately 7 months, at which point they arrest in what stage?

A

meiosis I

30
Q

these 3 hormones stimulate the production of enzymes needed for the components of breastmilk in the first half of pregnancy

A

• Prolactin, a hormone of the anterior pituitary • Placental lactogen • Placental growth hormone

31
Q

why do FSH and LH dramatically increase in a postmenopausal woman?

A

the ovaries are no longer synthesizing progesterone and estrogen, so feedback inhibition to the pituitary is removed

33
Q

What factor is a key determinant in whether LH or FSH is synthesized, and why is the secretion of these hormones not always in parallel?

A

Differences in GnRH pulse frequency regulate LH vs FSH synthesis: • rapid pulses favor α-subunit and LHβ mRNA synthesis • slow pulses favor FSHβ mRNA synthesis

34
Q

these hormones are secreted by the ovary and act on the anterior pituitary to selectively suppress FSH secretion

A

inhibins

36
Q

where in the fallopian (uterine) tube does fertilization occur?

A

the ampulla

37
Q

this is the name of the dominant follicle, which secetes copious amounts of estradiol and inhibin A in response to FSH, prior to ovulation.

A

Graafian follicle

38
Q

these two hormones are released by the anterior pituitary to stimulate gametogenisis in the ovaries, and the synthesis of estrogen and progesterone

A

FSH and LH

39
Q

These cells secrete fluids that are concentrated in the antral follicle, which synthesize estradiol

A

granulosa cells

41
Q

hCG binds to what kind of receptors on ovarian luteal cells, stimulating steroidogenesis and sustaining the corpus luteum during early pregnancy?

A

LH receptors (hCG closely mimics LH)

42
Q

state that occurs when the ovaries have depleted their store of follicles

A

menopause

MOHD3: Exam 1 (16 decks)

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