Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Renal > Path Lower Urinary Tract > Flashcards

Path Lower Urinary Tract Flashcards

1
Q

Diseases of the renal pelvis

A

> Hydronephrosis

> Pyelonephritis

> Papillary (medullary crest) necrosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is hydrnephorosis and what causes it?

A
  • dilation of pelvis d/t obstruction of urine outflow -> atrophy of renal parenchyma d/t interstitial vessels collapsing -> hypoxia and ischemic necorsis
  • pdf pyelonephritis if bacteria contaminate
  • d/t congenital/urinary calculi/inflam/neoplasia/neurogenic functional disorder
  • uni/bi-lateral: if bilateral uraemia can occour before dilation of pelvis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pyelonephritis? Which animals is it comonly seen in?

A
  • commonly bilateral, ascending infection (d/t vesicurethral junction failure allowing reflux)
  • infection of pelvis with extension into tubules and interstitium (if extends into cortex radially red/grey streaks seen - polar scars)
  • endotox form G- bacteria inhibit peristalsis
  • cow (sporadic chronic condition) and sow (post-partum 2-3w, acute)
  • can extend to surface causing peritonitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is seen on histo with pyelonephritis?

A
  • histo: transitional epithelium necrotic and sloughing, bacteria, inflam cells and necrotic shit accumulate in tubular lumen
  • if vasa recta obstructed -> papillary necrosis
  • extends radially into cortical tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What causes papiillary necorsis?

A
  • blood supply comes from cortex through vasa recta so papilla susceptible to ischaemia
  • 1* necrosis: NSAID overdose damages medullary interstitial cells d/t v PG synthesis (dehydrated animals and horses especially)
  • 2* necrosis: v vasa recta flow d/t glomerular amyloidosis or glomerulosclerosis
  • OR compression of vasa recta d/t oedema/fibrosis
  • `or compression of renal papilla d/t pelvic calculi, LUT obstruction, pyelonephritis, vesiculoureteral reflux
    > necrotic areas can slough and block further down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Disease of the LUT

A
  • developmental
  • LUT obstruction
  • urolithiasis
  • Cystits
  • Neoplasia of LUT
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What attaches the ureters to the bladder?

A
  • vesiculoureteral valve
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How does urine of horses differ to other animals?

A
  • mucous filled causes cloudy urine (rats and rabbits too)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the LUT lined by?

A

Pseudostratified transitional epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How does urine change PM?

A
  • cloudy/red d/t haemolysis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Defence mechanisms of the LUT

A
  • flushing action of urine
  • peristalsis to get rid of bacteria with adhesion capabilities
  • inhospitable pH
  • protective urothelial mucus coating
  • innate, humoral and cellular immune repsonses
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Responses of the LUT to injury

A
  • dilation and pressure necrosis (onbstruction)
  • inflammation
  • neoplastic transformation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

clinical signs of LUT obstruction

A
  • stranguria
  • dysuria
    +- haematuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

causes of obstruction

A 
> congenital 
- cysts, ureter aplasia, ectopic ureters
> acquired
- calculi 
- neoplasia
- trauma/inflam 
- circumferential fibrosis
- bladder paralysis
- vaginal/uterine prolapse
- feline urologic syndrome (fine struvite crystals (sand) in mucoid protein matrix fill urethra)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Consequences of obstruction?

A
  • distended/ruptured bladder
  • transmural ecchymotic haemorrhage
  • mucosal ulceration and hamorrhage
  • peritonitis
  • inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is urolithiasis?

A
  • urinary calculi (formed from excretory metabolites in urine, mineral + proteinaceous debris)
  • arise at various sites in urinary tract
  • urinary obstruction (males)
  • larger calculi can form in females
  • local pressure necoriss and mucosal ulceration/haemorrhage
17
Q

Factors that pdf calculus formation?

A
  • urinary pH (struvite and carbonate @ alkaline, oxalates @ acid)
  • v water intake
  • mineral supersaturiation
  • bacterial infection LUT
  • structural abnormalities
18
Q

Where do different species commonly obstruct?

A

> cattle: proximal sigmoid flexure
- ^ oxalates in pasture
sheep: urethral process
dogs: proximal base os penis

19
Q

Clinical signs of acute cystitis. Most common cause?

A
  • dysuria, stranguria, haematuria

- bacterial infection

20
Q

Which pathogens are commonly involved in LUT infections?

A
  • uropathogenic E Coli
  • Corynebacterium renale in cattl e
  • Eubacterium suis in pigs
    > Hydrolysis of urea by urease producing bacteria (C renale and E suis) causing ^ ammonia damaging mucosa and ^ urine pH
21
Q

What is seen at path with acute cystits?

A
  • denuded oedematous mucosa, adherent neutrophils, bacterial colonies, hyperaemia haemorrhage
22
Q

pdf for acute cystits

A
  • urinary stasis
  • infrequent urination
  • calculi
  • catheterisation
  • prolonged Abx use
23
Q

What are the 3 forms of chornic cystitis?

A

> diffuse
- thickened mucosa with mononuclear inflam infiltrate
- submucosal fiborsis
- hypertrophy of muscularis
follicular
- many small red nodules on mucosal surface
- hyperplastic lymphoid cells surrounded by hyperaemia and haemorrhage
- assoc with uroliths
polypoid
- multiple masses of proliferative connective tissue
- lymphocytes and neutrophils

24
Q

Which 2 types of serious cystits exist and when are these seen?

A

> emphysematous cystitis
- in diabtetic animals (glucose enhanes bacterial growth)
- E Coli and C perfringens metabolise, releasing CO2 into bladder
- absorption of gas into lymphatics causes emphysema
toxic cystitis
- most common cattle following chronic ingestion of bracken fern (ENZOOTIC HAEMATURIA) -> haemorrhage, chronic cystits, bladder neoplasia (transitional cell/sc carcinomas)
- active metabolites of cyclophosphamide (neoplasia and IMD tx)

25
Q

What 3 types of neoplasia affect the kidney?

A
  • embryonal origin
  • mesenchymal
  • epithelial
26
Q

Is neoiplasia of kidney common?

A

NO rare

27
Q

How does renal neoplasia present?

A
  • unilateral

- 1* renal tumours highly malignant so usually metastasized by the time you find them

28
Q

What are tumours of emryonal origin?

A
  • nephroclastomas (common pigs and chicken)
  • usually incidental finding at slaughter
  • arise from primitive pluripotent tissue in young animals 1
29
Q

Which types of mesenchymal tumours can occour?

A
  • 1* renal sarcomas rare

- eg. ??fibromas, fibrosarcomas and haemangiosarcomas

30
Q

Which type of renal tumour is more common?

A

> epithelial origin

  • adenoma (usually incidental at necropsy)
  • carcinoma (aggressive, large foci haemorrhage, necoriss, cystic degeneration, usually obliterate ONE POLE of the kidney, paraneoplastic polycythaemia -> ^ EPO)
  • transitional cell papilloma/carcinoma (aruse renal pelivs and LUT, can obstruct outflow and invade kidney)
31
Q

Do tumours commonly metastasise to the kidney

A

YES esp lymphoma (ats and cattle)
- carcinomas and sarcomas
- randomly scattered multiple nodules
- usually BOTH kidneys
> neoplastic cells form sheets of cells within the renal parenchyma
IF FOUND IN CATTLE SUSPECT EBL (ENZOOTIC BOVINE LEUKOSIS) AND REPORT: ALL TUMOURS IN CATTLE ARE NOTIFIABLE

32
Q

DDX for pyogranulomatous inflammation centred on blood vessels on the kidney capsule in cats?

A

FIP

33
Q

Ddx for pale foci of tumour growth in cattle kidneys?

A

EBL NOTIFIABLE!!!

34
Q

Which neoplasms are seen in the LUT?

A
  • retention of urine ^ exposure time to carcinogen (pdf)
    > epithelial tumours
  • TCC/TCP (pedunculated, trigone of bladder, can cause hydronephrosis, males pdf, mets to local LN/lung/kidney)
  • SCC and adenocarcinomas from transitional epithelium
    > mesenchymal tumours
  • leimyomas (circumscribed pale firm masses, = normal sm mm)
  • fibromas from lamina propria
  • lymphoma
  • rhabdomyosarcoma (rare tumour of skeletal mm, bladder /urethra young large breed dogs, embryonic myoblasts invovled, botyroid masses protrude into bladder lumen, local invasion, occ mets.)
35
Q

Outline developmental disorders of the kidneys

A

> renal aplasia (failure one/both kidneys to develop)
hypoplasia (incomplete development fewer nephrons or incompete development)
extopic kidneys (pelvic canal/inguinal position, histo structure and funtion normal but malposition of ureters pdf obstruction and 2* hydronephorsis)
fused kidneys (cranial/caudal pole - horseshoe shape but structurally and functionally normal)
dysplasia MOST COMMON abnormal differentition
- pdf lhasa apso, shutzu, golden retriver
- progressive juvenile nephropathy (familial dz)
- severe bilateral renal fibrosis
- shrunken pale kidneys, pitted surface: DDX FIBROSIS BY.. foetal glomeruli, interstitial inflammation, fibrosis, tubular dilation
renal cysts (spherical thin walled distension of cortical/medullary tubules, ddx pelvic hydronephrosis where single pelvis enlarged, in this dz multiple cysts throughout cortex and medulla)
- congenital, 2* renal dysplasia or acquired d/t fibrosis or other renal dz, genetic and toxic causes
- polycystic kidney dz (heritable condition in persian cats and bull terriers)
- large cysts can compress adjacent parenchyma and impair renal function

36
Q

Developmental anomalies of the ureters and urachus

A 
> ureteral aplasia and hypoplasia 
- obstruction - hydronephrosis
> ectopic ureters
- empty into urethra, vagina, bladder neck 
- pdf obstruction/infection 
- urinary incontinence clinical sign 
> patent urachus 
- foals 
- direct channel bladder - umbilicus
- dribbling urine from umbilicus (d/t underlying omphalitis/congenital urethral obstruction ^ bladder pressure)

Renal (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions