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Renal > Imaging LUT bladder and urethra > Flashcards

Imaging LUT bladder and urethra Flashcards

1
Q

Indications for diagnostic imaging of the urethra and urinary bladder

A
  • abnormal urinary profile
  • altered urination (dysuria, pollakiuria, haematuria)
  • abdo/pelvic trauma
  • caudal abdo masses
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2
Q

Which animals need a 3rd view of the LUT?

A

male dogs - caudal pelvic region to see urethra coursing ventrally

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3
Q

What is seen with urolithiasis?

A
  • Change in opacity

- Dorsal deflection of the colon

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4
Q

4 main types of contrast studies?

A
  • retrograde vagino-urethrogram
    • contrast cystography
  • double contrast cystograpy
    • contrast cystography (pneumocystogram) air, CO2, nitrous oxide
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5
Q

Pateitn preparation for LUT contrast studies?

A

> survey rads for baseline ALWAYS
- colon empty? enema
GA
Urine sampling before contrast admin (can be bacteriostatic too if trying to culture)
± 2-5ml 2% lidocaine (if expanding the bladder)
contrast media
- Co2 ,N2O (not room air as emboli can form)
- water soluble iodine based contrast media

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6
Q

Outline pneumocystogram process

A
  • foley catheter retrograde -> bladder
  • 4-11ml/kg gas
  • views obtained (lateral L and R) VD
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7
Q

When is pneumocystogram contraindicated?

A

Potential ruptured bladder (use + contrast)

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8
Q

Outline process of + contrast study

A
  • 4-11ml/kg water soluble iodine based
  • undiluted contrast if rupture suspected
  • dilute to 25% conc with saline for other indications
  • prefill catheter with contrast medium
    > orthogonal views
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9
Q

How can under and over distension be noted?

A
  • wimpy looking deflated balloon
    v. - overdistended round shape (loss of pear shape)
    (beware can ruptrue/retrograde fill kidneys gas in pelvis)
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10
Q

What is negative contrast study particularly useeful for diagnosing?

A

> bladder location

  • pelvic bladder (sitting on top of pubic bone not hanging over the edge)
  • pdf inontinence
  • could be herniation
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11
Q

Outline process of double contrast cystogram

A
  • empty bladder
  • small volume non-dilute iodine based contrast medium
  • add gas (CO2, nitrous oxide) 4-11ml/kg
  • reposition patient (ROLL!)
    > L and R lateral, VD ± oblique views
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12
Q

What are double contrast cystograms helpful for?

A

Finding…
> uroliths
- sit in middle of contrast puddle (gravity dependent)
- circular
> blood clots
- not very heavy so swim on top of puddle
- more variable shapes
> air bubbles/mural lesions
- bubbles go towards rim/edges of pelvis on top of puddle
- mural lesions also cause filling defects in same position
- regular v irregular edges (bubble v mass)

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13
Q

What is the positive contrast retrograde vagino-urethrocystogram useful for?

A
  • urethra
  • vagina
  • ± urinary bladder
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14
Q

Procedure of retrograde vagino-urethro-cystogram

A
  • catheter (foley for females with balloon tip)
  • clamps
  • 10-15ml (dogs) 5-10ml (cats) water soluble contrast medium
    > lateral views when injecting last 2-3mls
  • VD not very helpful
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15
Q

What can be seen on + retrograde vagino-urethro-cystogram?

A 
> filling defects
- intraluminal lesion
- mural lesion 
- extramural lesion 
> extravasation of contrast
- rupture
- fistula
- diverticula
> abnormal shape, position or number 
- strictures
- displacement
- suplication
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16
Q

How cna you keep the bladder paritally full with a retrograde vaginourethrocystogram?

A
  • prefil contrast/saline
  • 25% dilute water soluble iodine based contrast medium (dilute with saline)
  • dynamic study (fluoroscpy guided)
  • lateral views ± oblique
17
Q

How do the male and female retrograde urethrocystogram keep contrast in the LUT?

A
  • clamps!!
18
Q

Common causes of incontinence in female dogs?

A
  • strictures in vaginal area
19
Q

What causes of urethral blockage cause anuria?

A
  • stones (commonly in penile urethra or pelvic flexure)
  • bubbles!! (can move by injecting contrast)
  • haematoma
  • tumour
    > look for filling defect
20
Q

What types of neoplasia are common in LUT

A
  • tasnitional cell carcinoma
  • commonly in trigone
  • esp ureterovesicular junction
  • can arise from urethra
21
Q

How would a urethral neoplasia appear?

A

Abnormal filling defect on retrograde vaginourethrocystogram

22
Q

How thick shoudl the baldder wall be on ultrasound?

A
23
Q

When would thickened bladder wall be seen?

A
  • TCC

- cystitis

24
Q

What types of bladder neoplasia occours? What should also be assessed on ultrasound?

A
  • TCC (trigone) most common
  • LSA
  • leiomyoma/sarcoma
    > assess medial iliac lymph nodes
25
Q

How are uroliths seen on ultrasound?

A
  • proteinuria/crystaluria/haematuria -> starry sky speckled urine
  • look for lumps on gravity dependent part of bladder (hypereachoic with dark shadow deep to them, indicates mineral cf. blood clots which look more soft tissue opacity and are not as closely adhered to the wall)

Renal (23 decks)

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