Path Flashcards
define dysplasia
pre neoplastic
alteration in which cells show disorder tissue organisation
but reversible therefore not neoplastic
which has a pushing outer margin?
benign
which has an irregualr outer margin and hape, show areas of necrosis and ulceration?
malignant tumous
what are anaplastic
cells with norsemblance to any tissues.
mostly like to be malignant
describe the grading of breast cancer
Richardson grading
1. decrease number of tubules
mitoses
nuclear pleomorphism
what do promoters cause?
cell prolfieration
what do initators do?
mutagenci
how do we know neoplasms are monoclonal?
x linked case study on G6PD
what is lyonisation
x activation
early in F embroyfensis one allele is randoly inactivated in each cell
what does genetic alteration affect
proto-oncogenees = oncogenes = favour neoplasm TSG = suppress neoplasm = inactvated.
define leukaema
malignant neoplasm of blood fomring cells arising in bone marrow
what are germ cell neoplasms
arise from pluri[otent cells
testis or ovary
what is -blastomas
occur mainly in children
formed from immature precurosr cells e.g. nephroblastoma
name 3 neuroendocrine tumours
carcinoid tumours
phaeochromocytoma
small cell carcinoma
name germline neoplasm of testis
malignat teratoma
seminoma
name germline neoplasm of ovary
bengin teratoma
dermoid cyst
what increases tumour buden
invasion and spread
what is traumatic myositis ossifcans
fibroblasts in muscles undero metastatic change to osteoblast and form bone in muscles
what does a niche have
stroma
fibroblasts
endothelal cells
inflamm cells
paraneoplastic syndrome
indirect systemic effects
tumour burden
secreted hormones
misc effects
how does HPV work
direct carcinogen
expresses E6 (inhibt p53) and E7 (pRB protein function)
invovled in cell prolif
how does hep b and c work
indirect carcingognes
chornic liver cell injury and regen
mutations = cancer
how does h.pylori work ?
chronic gastric inflamamton
hw do parasit flukes work
inflammation in bile ducts and bladder mucosa
incresaing risk of bladder cancer
how does HIV work
indirectly
lowering immunity
allowing other potneitally carcinogenic infections to occur
e..g kaposi sarcoma
what is XP
AR
affects dna NER
what is HNPCC
hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndome AD colon carcinoma germline mutation affecs DNA MMR genees microsatellilte instability
what is breast cacrinoma
BRCA1 and 2 genes
invovled in repairing ds DNA breaks
chromsoomal instability
what is genetic instability
chromsone segregation during mitosis abnormal
accelerated mutation rate in malignany neoplasms
what are genes that maintain genetic stabi.ity
caretakr genes
what is tumour stage
measure of malignant neoplasms overall burden
TMN
T = size of primary tumour
N = regional node metasisi via lymphatics
M = extent of distant metastic sread via blood
what is TNM convereted into?
stage
I to IV
what does stage I mean
early local disease
what is stage 2
advance local disease
what is stage 3
regional met
what is stage 4
advanced disease with distant met
describe staging of lymphoma
Ann arbour
stage 1 = lymphoma on single node
2 = 2 separate region on one side of diaphragm
3 = spread to both sides of diagnsrm
4 = indicates diffuse or disseminated invovledment of one or more extralympathtic organse..g bone marrow onr lung
describe staging of colorectal carcinoma
dukes
Dukes A = invasion but not through bowel
b invasion through bowel wall
c = invovlment of lymph nodesD = distant metas
name an antimetaoblite and how it works
mimic normal substartes invovled in dna replication
fluoruracil
name an alkylating and platinum platinum based drug and how it works
cyclophosphamide and cisplatin
cross link the 2 strands of DNA helix
name an antibiotic and how it works
doxyoubicin inhibits DNA topoisomerase
needed for DNA syntehsis
how does bleomycin work
ds dna breaks
name a plant derived drug and how it works
vincristine
blocks microtubule assembly and itnerefers with mitotic spindle formation
what drug inhibits the fusion protein in CML
philadelphi chromo t9:22
imatinbi
name a tumour marker to monitor cancer burden
oncofetal antigens
what is chronic granulmatous disease
Phagocytes unable tog enerate free radical OH- (superoxide)
Defect in NADPH oxidase which produces superoxide
Cells engulf bacteria which kills bacteria
Bacteria survive and accumulate in cells
Bacteria are phagocytes but not killed as cant do repsiratoy burst = many chonic infection in first year of life
Numerous granulomas and abscesses affecting skin, lymph node lung, liver and bone
