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ESA 2 to know > Path > Flashcards

Path Flashcards

1
Q

define dysplasia

A

pre neoplastic
alteration in which cells show disorder tissue organisation
but reversible therefore not neoplastic

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2
Q

which has a pushing outer margin?

A

benign

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3
Q

which has an irregualr outer margin and hape, show areas of necrosis and ulceration?

A

malignant tumous

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4
Q

what are anaplastic

A

cells with norsemblance to any tissues.

mostly like to be malignant

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5
Q

describe the grading of breast cancer

A

Richardson grading
1. decrease number of tubules
mitoses
nuclear pleomorphism

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6
Q

what do promoters cause?

A

cell prolfieration

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7
Q

what do initators do?

A

mutagenci

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8
Q

how do we know neoplasms are monoclonal?

A

x linked case study on G6PD

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9
Q

what is lyonisation

A

x activation

early in F embroyfensis one allele is randoly inactivated in each cell

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10
Q

what does genetic alteration affect

A 
proto-oncogenees = oncogenes = favour neoplasm
TSG = suppress neoplasm = inactvated.
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11
Q

define leukaema

A

malignant neoplasm of blood fomring cells arising in bone marrow

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12
Q

what are germ cell neoplasms

A

arise from pluri[otent cells

testis or ovary

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13
Q

what is -blastomas

A

occur mainly in children

formed from immature precurosr cells e.g. nephroblastoma

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14
Q

name 3 neuroendocrine tumours

A

carcinoid tumours
phaeochromocytoma
small cell carcinoma

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15
Q

name germline neoplasm of testis

A

malignat teratoma

seminoma

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16
Q

name germline neoplasm of ovary

A

bengin teratoma

dermoid cyst

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17
Q

what increases tumour buden

A

invasion and spread

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18
Q

what is traumatic myositis ossifcans

A

fibroblasts in muscles undero metastatic change to osteoblast and form bone in muscles

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19
Q

what does a niche have

A

stroma
fibroblasts
endothelal cells
inflamm cells

20
Q

paraneoplastic syndrome

A

indirect systemic effects
tumour burden
secreted hormones
misc effects

21
Q

how does HPV work

A

direct carcinogen
expresses E6 (inhibt p53) and E7 (pRB protein function)
invovled in cell prolif

22
Q

how does hep b and c work

A

indirect carcingognes
chornic liver cell injury and regen
mutations = cancer

23
Q

how does h.pylori work ?

A

chronic gastric inflamamton

24
Q

hw do parasit flukes work

A

inflammation in bile ducts and bladder mucosa

incresaing risk of bladder cancer

25
Q

how does HIV work

A

indirectly
lowering immunity
allowing other potneitally carcinogenic infections to occur
e..g kaposi sarcoma

26
Q

what is XP

A

AR

affects dna NER

27
Q

what is HNPCC

A 
hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer syndome
AD
colon carcinoma
germline mutation affecs DNA MMR genees
microsatellilte instability
28
Q

what is breast cacrinoma

A

BRCA1 and 2 genes
invovled in repairing ds DNA breaks
chromsoomal instability

29
Q

what is genetic instability

A

chromsone segregation during mitosis abnormal

accelerated mutation rate in malignany neoplasms

30
Q

what are genes that maintain genetic stabi.ity

A

caretakr genes

31
Q

what is tumour stage

A

measure of malignant neoplasms overall burden
TMN
T = size of primary tumour
N = regional node metasisi via lymphatics
M = extent of distant metastic sread via blood

32
Q

what is TNM convereted into?

A

stage

I to IV

33
Q

what does stage I mean

A

early local disease

34
Q

what is stage 2

A

advance local disease

35
Q

what is stage 3

A

regional met

36
Q

what is stage 4

A

advanced disease with distant met

37
Q

describe staging of lymphoma

A

Ann arbour
stage 1 = lymphoma on single node
2 = 2 separate region on one side of diaphragm
3 = spread to both sides of diagnsrm
4 = indicates diffuse or disseminated invovledment of one or more extralympathtic organse..g bone marrow onr lung

38
Q

describe staging of colorectal carcinoma

A

dukes
Dukes A = invasion but not through bowel
b invasion through bowel wall
c = invovlment of lymph nodesD = distant metas

39
Q

name an antimetaoblite and how it works

A

mimic normal substartes invovled in dna replication

fluoruracil

40
Q

name an alkylating and platinum platinum based drug and how it works

A

cyclophosphamide and cisplatin

cross link the 2 strands of DNA helix

41
Q

name an antibiotic and how it works

A

doxyoubicin inhibits DNA topoisomerase

needed for DNA syntehsis

42
Q

how does bleomycin work

A

ds dna breaks

43
Q

name a plant derived drug and how it works

A

vincristine

blocks microtubule assembly and itnerefers with mitotic spindle formation

44
Q

what drug inhibits the fusion protein in CML

A

philadelphi chromo t9:22

imatinbi

45
Q

name a tumour marker to monitor cancer burden

A

oncofetal antigens

46
Q

what is chronic granulmatous disease

A

Phagocytes unable tog enerate free radical OH- (superoxide)
Defect in NADPH oxidase which produces superoxide
Cells engulf bacteria which kills bacteria
Bacteria survive and accumulate in cells
Bacteria are phagocytes but not killed as cant do repsiratoy burst = many chonic infection in first year of life
Numerous granulomas and abscesses affecting skin, lymph node lung, liver and bone

ESA 2 to know (3 decks)

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