CVS Flashcards
type of murmur of stensosis of aortic valve
crescendo-decrescendo
mumur of stenossi of mitral valve
diastolic murmur
mumur of regurg aortic
early descesncro diastolic
murmur of regurg mitral
holocystilic mumur
define afterload
The load the heart must eject blood against (roughly equivalent to aortic pressure). The pressure the heart needs to pump against, i.e. if the pressure in the aorta is higher than in the ventricles , then ventricles need to pump harder
Define preload
Amount the ventricles are stretched (filled) in diastole – related to the end diastolic volume or central venous pressure. Related to filling of load.
Define TPR
sometimes referred to as systemic vascular resistance
resistance to blood flow offered by all the systemic vasculature
how to clacualte SV
Stroke volume = end diastolic volume (volume once the ventricles filled up aka at the end of diastole) - end systolic volume (volume left in heart once it has pumped out in systole)
SV = EDV - ESV
Define contractility
the force of contraction for a given fibre length
name the factors that determine CO
How hard it contracts - determined by the end diastolic volume (how much the heart fills) and contractility (increased sympathetic drive) pre load and contractility
How hard it is to eject blood - determined by aortic impedance (roughly arterial pressure).After load or by aortic valve stenosis can make it harder
what are the extrinsic mechanisms of contraciltiy
adrenaline/NA
smypathetic stim
define astyole
AP fails
treatment for hyperkalamaeia
Calcium gluconate – reduces excitability
Insulin and glucose - insulin binds to K+ channels and makes K+ enters cell
