Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Q1 > Path > Flashcards

Path Flashcards

1
Q

coag cascade factors that are inhibited by WARFARIN (not F)

A

factors 2, 7, 9, 10 / anticoagulants Protein C & S

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

things that prolong the PT (4) not F

A

Warfarin
DIC
Liver failure
Factor 5 or 10 deficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Light chain (multiple myeloma) becomes what in
1. blood 2. urine 3. kidney
not F

A
  1. amyloid (deposits in tissue)
  2. Bence-Jones protein
  3. renal failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Multiple myeloma: over-production of which Ig?

not F

A

IgG or IgA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Waldenstrom Macroglobulinemia: over-production of which Ig?

not F

A

IgM (pentamer = BIG = macro)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CD maker on the NEOPLASTIC plasma cells? (multiple myeloma)

not F

A

CD56+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

factors that increase OSTEOLYTIC bone mets, cancer (2)

A

IL-6

PTH-related peptides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

factors that increase OSTEOBLASTIC bone mets, cancer (2)

A

endothelin-1

insulin-like growth factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ATROPHY, dec in cellular SIZE involves what pathway

what cellular changes are seen (2)

A

ubiquitin-proteosome pathway

autophagic vacuoles
lipofuscin granules (peroxidized lipid turnover byproduct)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

METAPLSIA

A

replace one adult cell type by another cell type
epithelial tissue (commonly in)
reprogram at the stem cell level
cause: irritation, persistent stress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what kind of epithelial cells are very resilient (metaplasia)

A

squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

cellular injury mechanisms

A

entry of ca2+ -> abnormal [Ca2+] homeostatis -> inc mito permeability, mitochondrial damage -> ATP depletion, accumulation of oxygen radicals (ROS) -> loss of cellular membrane integrity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

cytoplasmic changes of necrosis (3)

A

increased eosinophilia
nuclear shrinkage & dissolution
calcification (late)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Nuclear changes in necrosis (3)

A

pyknosis (nuclear shrinkage, inc basophilia)

  • > karyorrhexis (nuclear fragmentation)
  • > karyolysis (blue color of nucleus fades, lose normal chromatin, less basophilis)

nucleus eventually disappears

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what’s the mediating enzymes in apoptosis that turns on proteases (cytoskeleton) and endonucleases (DNA)?

A

caspase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

blood clot made up of what 3 things

A

RBC, plt, fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tissue factor (Thromboplastin)

A

activates Factor 7 to start extrinsic pathway (coag cascade)

18
Q

plasminogen

A

cleaves thrombin and fibrin clots

19
Q

Thrombin

A

(Acts on numerous stages of the coag cascade)
1. fibrinogen -(thrombin)-> fibrin
2. activates Factor 8 (stabilizes clot)
activates endothelial cells (Adhesion, fibrinolysis)
induces plt aggregation
activates leukocytes (WBC)

20
Q

which Vitamin is important in coag cascade?

A

Vit K

21
Q

3 factors that contribute to Thrombosis

VIRCHOW’S TRIAD

A
  1. endothelial injury
  2. abnormal blood flow (turbulence)
  3. hypercoagulability
22
Q

Mural thrombus

A

thrombus that forms in the heart wall

hypocontractility + endocardial damage (due to MI)

23
Q

embolus can be made up of which material

A

solid, liquid, or gaseous mass

fat, nitrogen, amniotic fluid

24
Q

Fat embolism syndrome

A 
bone fracture (fat from BM) trauma or otrho surgery, or soft tissue trauma
s/s: respiratory failure (fat goes to pulm bv), mental confusion, fat induces mechanical damage and coag cascade -> DIC
25
Q

amniotic fluid embolus

A

amniotic fluid w/ fetal skin cell (squamous cells, keratin debris) is highly thrombogenic/irritant -> obstructive
complication of labor or delivery
s/s: sob, neurologic symptoms (mental confusion, agitation), DIC

sudden onset
fatal

26
Q

red infarct

A

due to + hemorrhage

previously congested tissue
dual circulation
venous occlusion
reperfusion

27
Q

congestion (vs. hyperemia) often presents with what

A

edema -> necrosis/atrophy/fibrosis

28
Q

what determines the tumor type in malignant neoplasms

A

intermediate filaments

29
Q

adenocarcinoma in what organs

A

GI tract, liver, lung

30
Q

small cell (neuroendocrine) carcinoma in what organs

A

lung

prostate

31
Q

most sarcomas arise as sarcomas and not from benign neoplasm

A

no benign.

only malignant

32
Q

melanoma

  1. derived from what tissue?
  2. what kind of growth is worse? horizontal or vertical
A
  1. neural crest

2. vertical

33
Q

blastomas

  1. aka
  2. how differentiated?
A
  1. small round blue cell tumors of childhood

2. UNdifferentiated: can use immuno and molecular studies to confirm diagnosis

34
Q

dysplasia

A

disorderly growth and lack of maturation
loss of polarity
overlapping cells
nuclear enlargement/nuclear membrane irregularity (loss of smooth borders)

haven’t broken BM

35
Q

desmoplasia

A

Fibrous tissue formation (fibroblasts make collagen) in response to neoplasm

firm, non-mobile

common in adenomas

36
Q

Grading is based on 4 histological features

A

differentiation
nuclear pleomorphism
tumor necrosis (more aggressive)
mitotic activity (hyperchromatic: lots of cell division)

37
Q

tumor staging

A

facilitate prognosis & tx

TNM system

38
Q

TNM system of tumor staging

A

T: Tumor size/location
N: involvement of lymph Node
M: Mestastasis

39
Q

inflammatory cytokine that’s responsible for CACHEXIA

A

PIF (proteolysis inducing factor)

40
Q

Her2Neu

A

TYROSINE KINASE receptor (for growth factors)
gene amplification
in ~20% of breast/ovarian cancer

Q1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions