Path Flashcards
Is pyknosis, karolysis, and karyorrhexis irreversible? What are they?
Pyknosis - nuclear shrinkage, karyorrhexis - nuclear fragmentation, karyolysis - nuclear fading.
How do you tell dystrophic calcification vs metastatic calcification apart?
Dystrophic is Ca2+ on dead tissue. NORMAL Ca/PO4. Metastatic calcification as high Ca/PO4.
What is a psammoma body?
Dystrophic calcification + lamellated outer layers
Are mitochrondrial vacuoles reversible or irreversible cell injury? How bout triglyceride droplet accumulation?
Vacuoles is not. Triglyceride is.
Is disaggregation of granular and fibrillar elements of nucleus reversible? How bout phospholipid densities in mitochondria?
1st one is, second one isn’t
What is the fenton reaction?
Fe2+ + H20 –> Fe3+ + OH- + OH(.)
The product that makes P-selectin is mediated by what and also makes what other important factor?
Histamine and makes vWF.
What are common causes of granulomas?
TB, fungi, leprosy, syphilis, cat scratch, sarcoid, berylliosis, crohn’s.
What is the difference b/w caseating and non-caseating granulomas?
Caseating has central necrosis. USUally TB/fungi.
Mechanism of granulomas?
IL-12 to induce CD4+ –>Th1 cells secrete y-interferon that activate macrophages. Macrophages induce and maintain granuloma.
What are two extrinsic mechanisms of apoptosis?
Fas ligand binding to CD95 (FAS-R) or cytotoxic T cell releasing perforin and granzyme B
Small cell lung carcinoma frequently have what surface markers?
Neurofilaments as they’re neuroendocrine in nature. Contain neurosecretory granules.
What are the number 1, 2, and 3rd most common childhood syndrome?
Pilocytic astrocytomas (posterior), medulloblastomas, and ependymomas. Medulloblastomas most common malignant. Solid with no cystic. Pilocytic has cystic. Ependymomas in 4th ventriclel
Do you want hypo or hyperphosphorylated Rb protein?
Hypo is the active form. So I rather have hypo as Rb functions as a stopper for G1/S cell cycle. Hyper would make the cell go into hyperdrive
Mechanism and symptoms of iron poisoning?
Peroxidtion of membrane lipids. Symptoms of metabolic acidosis and scarring –> GI obstruction (chronic). GI bleed (acute)
What are the key growth factors that contribute to angiogenesis?
VEGF and FGF. IL-1 and INF-y can indrectly promote VEGF expression. FGF responsible for also embryogenesis and wound repair, hematopoiesis.
A person has breast cancer and has this pitting/yellow-red skin rash. Cause?
Called peau de orange and is pitting edema with skin thickening around exaggerated hair folicles. Happens b/c cancer cells plug up lymph channels. Obstruction issue.
What chemical agent is commonly involved in lipid peroxidation?
CCL4. Lipid peroxidation -> free radicals form more free radicals that rapidly swell up the cell and kil mitochondria.
Are high grade dysplasia and carcinoma in situ the same thing
yes - dysplastic cells are irregularly grouped, more chromatin and more nucleus/cytoplasm ratio.
What transcription factor does Rb work with?
E2F
What is heparan sulfate?
Proteoglycan component on extracellular matrix that is associated with reticular fibers and basal laminae.
What do integrins bind to?
Fibronectin, collagen, laminin
What reduces risk of ovarian cancer?
OCP (less ovulations…also great for endometrial cancer), multiparity and breast feeding. CA-125
What is bromodeoxyuridine used for?
Thymidine analog that can if elevated suggests DNA sysnthesis and some sort of malignancy.
