Path

Question 1

Is pyknosis, karolysis, and karyorrhexis irreversible? What are they?

Answer 1

Pyknosis - nuclear shrinkage, karyorrhexis - nuclear fragmentation, karyolysis - nuclear fading.

Question 2

How do you tell dystrophic calcification vs metastatic calcification apart?

Answer 2

Dystrophic is Ca2+ on dead tissue. NORMAL Ca/PO4. Metastatic calcification as high Ca/PO4.

Question 3

What is a psammoma body?

Answer 3

Dystrophic calcification + lamellated outer layers

Question 4

Are mitochrondrial vacuoles reversible or irreversible cell injury? How bout triglyceride droplet accumulation?

Answer 4

Vacuoles is not. Triglyceride is.

Question 5

Is disaggregation of granular and fibrillar elements of nucleus reversible? How bout phospholipid densities in mitochondria?

Answer 5

1st one is, second one isn’t

Question 6

What is the fenton reaction?

Answer 6

Fe2+ + H20 –> Fe3+ + OH- + OH(.)

Question 7

The product that makes P-selectin is mediated by what and also makes what other important factor?

Answer 7

Histamine and makes vWF.

Question 8

What are common causes of granulomas?

Answer 8

TB, fungi, leprosy, syphilis, cat scratch, sarcoid, berylliosis, crohn’s.

Question 9

What is the difference b/w caseating and non-caseating granulomas?

Answer 9

Caseating has central necrosis. USUally TB/fungi.

Question 10

Mechanism of granulomas?

Answer 10

IL-12 to induce CD4+ –>Th1 cells secrete y-interferon that activate macrophages. Macrophages induce and maintain granuloma.

Question 11

What are two extrinsic mechanisms of apoptosis?

Answer 11

Fas ligand binding to CD95 (FAS-R) or cytotoxic T cell releasing perforin and granzyme B

Question 12

Small cell lung carcinoma frequently have what surface markers?

Answer 12

Neurofilaments as they’re neuroendocrine in nature. Contain neurosecretory granules.

Question 13

What are the number 1, 2, and 3rd most common childhood syndrome?

Answer 13

Pilocytic astrocytomas (posterior), medulloblastomas, and ependymomas. Medulloblastomas most common malignant. Solid with no cystic. Pilocytic has cystic. Ependymomas in 4th ventriclel

Question 14

Do you want hypo or hyperphosphorylated Rb protein?

Answer 14

Hypo is the active form. So I rather have hypo as Rb functions as a stopper for G1/S cell cycle. Hyper would make the cell go into hyperdrive

Question 15

Mechanism and symptoms of iron poisoning?

Answer 15

Peroxidtion of membrane lipids. Symptoms of metabolic acidosis and scarring –> GI obstruction (chronic). GI bleed (acute)

Question 16

What are the key growth factors that contribute to angiogenesis?

Answer 16

VEGF and FGF. IL-1 and INF-y can indrectly promote VEGF expression. FGF responsible for also embryogenesis and wound repair, hematopoiesis.

Question 17

A person has breast cancer and has this pitting/yellow-red skin rash. Cause?

Answer 17

Called peau de orange and is pitting edema with skin thickening around exaggerated hair folicles. Happens b/c cancer cells plug up lymph channels. Obstruction issue.

Question 18

What chemical agent is commonly involved in lipid peroxidation?

Answer 18

CCL4. Lipid peroxidation -> free radicals form more free radicals that rapidly swell up the cell and kil mitochondria.

Question 19

Are high grade dysplasia and carcinoma in situ the same thing

Answer 19

yes - dysplastic cells are irregularly grouped, more chromatin and more nucleus/cytoplasm ratio.

Question 20

What transcription factor does Rb work with?

Answer 20

E2F

Question 21

What is heparan sulfate?

Answer 21

Proteoglycan component on extracellular matrix that is associated with reticular fibers and basal laminae.

Question 22

What do integrins bind to?

Answer 22

Fibronectin, collagen, laminin

Question 23

What reduces risk of ovarian cancer?

Answer 23

OCP (less ovulations…also great for endometrial cancer), multiparity and breast feeding. CA-125

Question 24

What is bromodeoxyuridine used for?

Answer 24

Thymidine analog that can if elevated suggests DNA sysnthesis and some sort of malignancy.