PATH 161 - Stress and Environmental Hazards Flashcards
1
Q
Stress - Definition
A
- rate of all wear and tear caused by life
- non-specific response of the body to any
demand made on it - result of homeostasis
2
Q
Stressors - Definition
緊張刺激(物)
A
- factors that creates a significant change in
the body or environment - may be:
- physical: pain / infection / trauma / temp.
- psychological: anxiety / fear / joy
- combo of physical and psychological
3
Q
Stress Response - GAS
General Adaptation Syndrome
Definition
A
- concept described by Hans Selye
- defined as “fight or flight” response
- predictable sequence of reactions that
organisms show in response to stressors
4
Q
Stress Response - GAS
General Adaptation Syndrome
3 Stages
A
- Alarm Reaction
when emotional arousal occurs and the
body prepares its defensive force to meet
the threat - Resistance
intense physiological efforts to either
resist or adapt to the stressor - Exhaustion
loss of the ability to adapt when there is
severe stress
body is not able to respond further
limit to the adaptive energy of the body
5
Q
Stress Response - GAS
General Adaptation Syndrome
Effects on the body
A
- Increase in:
- BP and HR
- blood glucose and energy
- ventilation
- bronchodilation 支氣管擴張
- arousal of the central nervous system
- decrease inflammatory and immune
response
6
Q
Roles of stress of development of disease
A
- an exacerbating factor
- could be physical or emotional
7
Q
Copying Mechanisms / Strategies
A
1. important to recognize stressors and
positive ways to deal with them
2. support system is essential
3. strategies:
- counseling
- lifestyle changes
- relaxation techniques
- exercise program
- distracting activities
- medications for anxiety
- regular moderate exercise
- methodical approach
8
Q
Environmental Hazards
Chemical
A
- ingested
- inhaled
- absorbed through the skin
- various types:
- heavy metals - lead poisoning
- inhalants
9
Q
Environmental Hazards
Chemical - Heavy Metals Lead Poisoning (Definition)
A
- normal level of lead in the blood is ZERO
- age 12-36 months at greatest risk
- increase mobility
- result in more access to lead hazards
- develop nervous system is more
susceptible 易受影響的 to side effect of lead
10
Q
Environmental Hazards
Chemical - Heavy Metals Lead Poisoning (Symptoms)
A
- neurological damage
- headache, irritability
- learning difficulties
- slow speech development
- hyperactivity
- abdominal pain
- vomiting
- weight loss
- anemia
11
Q
Environmental Hazards
Chemical - Heavy Metals Lead Poisoning (Effects)
A
- reading and learning difficulties
- speech and language handicaps
- neurological deficits:
lowered IQ / mental retardation
behavioral problems - kidney disease
- heart disease
- stroke
- death
12
Q
Environmental Hazards
Chemical - Inhalant 吸入的
3 types
A
- particulate 微粒的
- asbestos
- common in mining and other industries
- frequently cause lung damage
- gaseous
- cabon monoxide
- combination
- smog, cigarette smoke
13
Q
Environmental Hazards
Physical Hazards (4 types) Hyperthermia 體溫過高
A
- excessive elevation in body temperature
- may lead to:
- heat cramps
skeletal muscle spasms caused by loss
of electrolytes - heat exhaustion
sweating, headache, nausea, dizziness
loss of water and Na+
leading to hypovolemia 血容量過低 - heat stroke
with shock coma
occur commonly in elderly and infants
very high core body temperature
- heat cramps
14
Q
Environmental Hazards
Physical Hazards (4 types) Hypothermia 體溫過低
A
- exposure to extreme cold temperature
- localized effects:
- frostbite
- may result in necrosis and gangrene
- systemic effects:
- shivering / numbness
- lethargy and confusion
- slowed pulse rate and respiration
- drop in core body temperature
- result in hypovolemia shock and necrosis
- LOC = Level Of Consciousness
15
Q
Environmental Hazards
Physical Hazards (4 types) Radiation
A
- Sources:
- natural: sun / radioactive materials in soil
- other: radon gas / industry / diagnostic &
therapeutic medical procedures /
nuclear reactors
- may result from a single exposure or be
cumulative - damages DNA, especially rapidly dividing
cells
