PATH 161 - Pregnancy and Disease Flashcards
Fetal Development
8個步驟
- Fertilization, result in zygote
- rapid mitosis
- implantation in uterus
- placental development
- embryonic stage (3-8 weeks)
- development of major organs
- fetus term applied after 8 weeks
- continuation of development
- important for regular prenatal care during
pregnancy
Diagnosis of Pregnancy
- Based on hCG level in blood or urine
- Absolute sings occur later in pregnancy
- ultrasound evidence
- auscultation of fetal heart
- fetal movements
Gestation
- duration of pregnancy
- normal length is 40 weeks / 280 days
- divided into three, 3-month trimesters
EDC
- estimated date of confinement
- calculated based on lst day of LMP
LMP = last menstrual period
Gravidity
- nulli
- primi
- multi
refers to number of pregnancies
- NULLIgravida
never been pregnant - PRIMIgravida
currently pregnant, for the first time - MULTIgravida
currently pregnant for the 2nd, 3rd, etc
time
Parity
- nulli
- primi
- multi
viability (常指胎兒, 嬰兒的)成活力
refers to number of pregnancies in which the fetus has reached viability approx 22 weeks gestation
1. NULLIpara never borne a viable infant 2. PRIMIpara has completed one pregnancy to the point of viability 3. MULTIpara has completed two or more pregnancies to the point of viability
TPAL
term deliveries
preterm deliveries
abortive outcomes
living children
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy
Hormonal Changes
1. increase estrogen & progesterone essential for: - development of uterus - maintenance of pregnancy - preparation of breasts for lactation 2. increase thyroxine 甲狀腺素 due to thryoid hyperplasia 畸形生長
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy
Reproductive System
- increase size of uterus
pressure on surrounding structures - increase vascularity and blood flow to
uterus, cervix & vagina - increase amount and thickness of cervical
mucus - increase vaginal secretions, with increase
acidity - breast enlargement
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy
Weight gain and nutritional requirements
- avg weight gain 25-30 lbs mostly in 3rd
trimester - increase demand for (protein, minerals,
(especially iron) fat, and carbohydrates - Ca+ important for development
- food cravings may occur
- risk for development of gestational diabetes
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy
Digestive System
- nausea & vomiting in 1st trimester
- hyperemesis 劇吐 gravidarum 妊娠期
- reflux and bloating 膨脹
- constipation and hemorrhoids
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy
Musculoskeletal System
- relaxation of pelvic joints
2. lordosis 脊柱前彎症 and backache
Physiological Changes of Pregnancy
Cardiovascular System
1. increase BV (fluid & electrolytes) congestion and edema in tissues 2. increase blood supply to uterus and kidneys 3. decrease vascular resistance 4. decrease hgb due to increase need for iron 5. varicose veins increase risk for thrombus formation restricted venous blood flow in legs 6. supine position decrease venous return to heart and CO
Potential Complication of Pregnancy
Abortive Outcomes - 2 types
- Spontaneous Abortion
2. Induced / therapeutic Abortion
Spontaneous Abortion
6 types
- Threatened abortion
- Inevitable abortion
- Incomplete abortion
- Complete abortion
- Missed abortion
- Habitual abortion