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PATH 161 > PATH 161 - Aging and Immobility > Flashcards

PATH 161 - Aging and Immobility Flashcards

1
Q

Aging - Definition

A
  • nature process of gradual changes in the
    structure and function of any organism that
    occurs with the passage of time
  • organism gradually loses the ability to
    adapt to this process
    (leads to death as grows older)
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2
Q

Geriatrics - Definition

老人病學 / 老年病治療法

A

branch of medicine concerned with medical problems and care of the aged

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3
Q

Gerontology - Definition

老人醫學

A

scientific study of the process and problems of aging, aspects include:

  • clinical
  • biological
  • historical
  • sociologica
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4
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging
生理學上的

(Hormonal)

A
  • hormone secretions remain constant
  • # of the tissue receptors may decrease,thus diminishing the body’s response to
    hormones
  • effect apparent in disorders
    ie. type 2 diabetes
  • women major hormonal change occurs in
    50 y.o. cease to produce estrogen and
    progesterone
  • men decrease in testosterone levels, result
    in testes not totally function
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5
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

Reproductive - Women

A 
Menopause: occurs in women around 50 y.o.
- decrease FSH and LH (sex hormones) 
- may cause inflammation and dyspareunia
   性交困難
- pH of vaginal secretions more alkaline,may 
  cause infection
- headaches, irritability, and insomnia 
   (失眠症) are common manifestations
- cancers: uterine and breast
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6
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

Reproductive - Men

A
  • testosterone levels decline gradually
  • testes decrease in size
  • sperm production is reduced
  • common problem: BPH
    (benign prostatic hypertrophy)
  • cancer: prostatic
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7
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

Skin and Mucous

A 
- both skin and mucous membranes become
  thin and fragile
- skin is dry and wrinkled
- slower wound healing
- atrophy of the glands
- hair becomes gray
- lentigines 痣 or liver spots on hands & face
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8
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

(Cardiovascular Changes)

** occur in cardiac muscle fibers and connective tissue in the heart

A

the size and # of cardic muscle cells declines, reducing the strngth of cardiac contractions

  • arteriosclerosis 動脈硬化
  • angina
  • myocardial infractions (heart attack)
  • peripheral vascular disease
  • stroke
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9
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

(Musculoskeletal Changes)

** Skeletal muscle fibers do not regenerate and blood flow to the damaged are is impaired

A
  • osteoporosis
  • osteoarthritis [醫]骨關節炎
  • skeletal muscle mass declines
  • strength of muscle contractions decrease
  • flexibility is reduced
  • movement become slower
  • stiffness becomes evident 明顯的
  • coordination & balance are reduced
  • require a longer time to complete daily
    activities, such as dressing, walking, etc.
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10
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

Respiratory

A

Reduce in:

  • elasticity in the lung tissue
  • rib and thoracic movement
  • deep breathing and cough effectiveness
  • expiration 呼氣
  • gas exchange in the alveoli
  • oxygen level (rather than an increase CO2)
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11
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

Gastrointestinal System and Nutrition

A
  • problems with swallowing (obstruction)
  • periodontal disease (loss of teeth)
  • xerostomia [醫] 口腔幹燥
  • obesity
  • absorption of vitamins & minerals may be
    impaired
  • malignancies in GI tract
  • constipation and hemorrhoids
  • ulceration with pain and inflammation
  • malabsorption problems due to impaired
    glandular 腺(狀)的 function
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12
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

Urinary System

A 
Reduce in:
- kidney function
- control of bladder function: nocturia 夜尿症
- smooth muscle tone
Result in:
- incontinence [醫]失禁
- residual 殘留的 urine
- urinary tract & bladder infections
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13
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

Other factors

A 
Immune deficient, result in:
1. infections
    - tissue healing is delayed and reduced 
      rate of mitosis
2. cancers
    - higher chance exposure to carcinogens
    - breast cancer in women
    - prostate cancer in men
3. autoimmune 自體免疫的 disorder
    - adapt to stressors 緊張刺激(物) is 
      slower
    - chronic progressive disorders  
    - related to wear and tear
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14
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

Neurological

A 
- loss of some neurons in the brain
  (may or may not affect function)
- reflexes are slower
- night vision is decrease and 
  farsightedness is common
- hearing loss is common
- stress response is less effective
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15
Q

Physiological changes associated with aging

Cardiovascular Changes - in Dietary

A
  1. Reduce in:
    • lipid & cholesterol intake
    • Na+ / salt intake
  2. Regular exercise assist in lowering blood
    lipid & cholesterol levels to reduce high BP
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16
Q

Immobility - 2 types

Partial

A
  • limb immobilized in cast, splint, brace
  • paraplegia
  • hemiplegia
17
Q

Immobility - 2 types

entire body

A
  • quadriplegia
  • acute illness
  • coma
18
Q

Effects of Immobility

Musculoskeletal

A 
- muscle losses strength, mass and 
   endurance 持久(力), 耐久(性)
- breakdown 衰弱 of muscle and bone 
- result in hypercalcemia (renal calculi)
- decrease & loss muscle tone tissues
- bone democratization 脫鹽
- osteoporosis
- development of dependent edema
  decrease in cardiac output: dizziness or 
  fainting
19
Q

Effects of Immobility

Cutaneous
影響皮膚的

A 
- decubitus ulcers [醫]臥姿 潰瘍
  (pressure sores or bedsores 壓瘡)
  壓瘡是因為皮膚受到壓力(或是壓迫)
- risk of skin breakdown
- cause necrosis
- result in local infection
20
Q

Effects of Immobility

Cardiovascular

A
  • orthostatic hypotension 正立位置的血壓過低
  • increase capillary pressure and edema
  • thrombus formation in veins
  • blood clotting formation
21
Q

Effects of Immobility

Respiratory

A 
病患呈現仰臥的狀態 (supine position)
- respiration is slow and shallow
- gas exchange is decreased
- ventilation 換氣 is diminished 減少了的
- secretions build up in the airways
- frequently lead to pneumonia or 
   atelectasis [醫]肺膨脹不全

Upright position會對病患的呼吸有幫助及改善

22
Q

Effects of Immobility

Gastrointestinal

A
  • constipation
  • bowel complications
  • appetite is reduced
  • delay in healing and recovery
    (insufficient nutrition intake)
  • can lead to obesity
23
Q

Effects of Immobility

Urinary

A

develop:

  • bladder infection = cystitis
  • renal calculi (kidney stones)
24
Q

Effects of Immobility

Children - unique effects

A
  • delayed in normal growth

- developmental delay

PATH 161 (4 decks)

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