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PLSC321 > Pasture Species and Cultivars > Flashcards

Pasture Species and Cultivars Flashcards

1
Q

Define apical meristem

A

growing point which is a translucent dome of cells

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2
Q

Grasslands Kara - species, growth habit, flowering and grazing

A

Cocksfoot, erect, mid-season flowering, rotational grazing (not sheep)

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3
Q

Name the most common Italian-type hybrid ryegrass and its persistence range

A

Grasslands Manawa - 2-3 years

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4
Q

Name 1 early and 1 late flowering cultivar of Timothy

A

Grasslands Charion early, Grasslands Kahu

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5
Q

What is different about the flowering dates of Timothy than Ryegrass?

A

Even the early flowering variety of timothy flowers much later than Ryegrass

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6
Q

Grasslands Nui - species, flowering, grazing, ploidy

A

Diploid perennial ryegrass, early flowering, rotational/set stocked

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7
Q

Ceres Torpedo - species, flowering, grazing / growth habit

A

Tall fescue, mid flowering, rhizomes so requires lax grazing to increase Summer and Autumn growth.

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8
Q

Fertility requirements of PR and IR

A

medium-high

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9
Q

Fertility requirements of Tall Fescue

A

medium-high

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10
Q

Fertility requirements of Cocksfoot

A

medium-high

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11
Q

Fertility requirements of Phalaris

A

medium-high

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12
Q

Fertility requirements of Timothy

A

medium-high

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13
Q

Fertility requirements of Prairie Grass

A

medium-high

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14
Q

What are the environmental requirements for tetraploid ryegrass?

A

high fertility, high moisture, lax grazing

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15
Q

Nevis - species, flowering, ploidy

A

Perennial ryegrass, early flowering tetraploid

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16
Q

Quartet - species, flowering, ploidy

A

Perennial ryegrass, late flowering tetraploid

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17
Q

What is the main legume species found on a steep dry hill country slope?

A

Sub Clover

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18
Q

What was the pasture yield on a steep dry hill country slope vs a stock camp

A

5.8t/ha vs 15.6t/ha

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19
Q

What was the ryegras % on high country steep slope vs a stock camp?

A

43% ryegrass vs 64% RG

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20
Q

Grasslands Advance - species, growth habit, grazing requirements

A

Tall Fescue, broad leaf, rotational grazing

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21
Q

Grasslands Maru - species, best time of growth

A

Phalaris, Autumn and early winter

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22
Q

Tall Fescue Establishment temperature?

A

10 degrees

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23
Q

Describe the trend in age of grass tillers on a plant

A

The oldest tillers are found at the bottom and newer tillers at the top.

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24
Q

What is found at the nodes?

A

shoot buds

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25
Q

Explain a phytometer and its location on a grass plant

A

Make up of nodes, internode and the attached leaf which are stacked like plates. Found on the true stem.

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26
Q

Explain the two components of each tiller leaf

A

Leaf blade/lamina. Leaf-sheath which wraps around the stem rolled into the pseudostem.

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27
Q

How does the physical structure of a tetraploid ryegrass differ to a diploid?

A

double the chromosomes, large leaves and seeds. More palatable to livestock.

28
Q

What is the optimum temperature for annual sub clover?

A

12-15 degrees

29
Q

List 3 drought tolerant legumes

A

Lucerne, red clover, sub clover

30
Q

List 3 low-fertility grasses

A

Grazing brome, yorkshire fog, browntop

31
Q

List 3 grass species which require more than 600mm of rainfall?

A

Perennial and Italian ryegrass. Timothy

32
Q

Why does Ryegrass contribute the most to pasture growth during the cool season compared to the rest of the season?

A

grows fast in spring due to beginning to change from vegetative production to reproductive. Getting stalky which requires a high DM content to lift the seed to the top of the canopy. More suited to optimum temperature of growth, too hot in summer.

33
Q

Why does WC have a higher DM growth rate over Summer and Autumn than PR?

A

After the ryegrass tillers have flowered they die. White clover has a higher optimum temp for growth at 25-29 degrees compared to PR so can grow faster when it is hot and moisture is not limiting.

34
Q

How does the legume content of pasture change at low-high Olsen P levels?

A

At low Olsen P, there is a low legume content due to lower N fixation. At a higher Olsen P, legume increases and N fixation increases, but this also increases the N available for pasture growth and therefore the clover can get outcompete in the long-term.

35
Q

What are the main 3 factors used to match species to an environment?

A

Grazing management, temp response, moisture

36
Q

What 2 grass species dominate steep-dry low fertility pastures?

A

Cocksfoot and browntop

37
Q

What is the optimum temp for white clover?

A

25-29 degrees

38
Q

What is the optimum temp for perennial ryegrass ?

A

18-21 degrees

39
Q

What rainfall does Lotus require?

40
Q

What aspect of cocksfoot grazing management is important?

A

Grazing to minimize seed heat as forage quality declines quickly and becomes lower than PR when excess seed head is present.

41
Q

Grasslands Tekapo - species, grazing management, flowering time

A

Cocksfoot, sheep hard grazing, early flowering

42
Q

List 3 high-medium fertility legumes

A

White, red clover. Lucerne

43
Q

What is the maximum photosynthetic temperature for Tall Fescue?

A

26 degrees

44
Q

In an expiriment by Gray, how much did yield change over how long in response to SSP stopping application

A

decrease in 4.9t/ha over 4 years

45
Q

In the expiriment by Gray, how much did the WC and Browntop content change over 4 years after SSP stopped being applied?

A

18 less white clover, 22% more browntop.

46
Q

What is Phalaris’s temperature required for establishment

A

15-20 degrees

47
Q

List 4 low-medium fertility legumes

A

caucasian and sub clover, birdfoot trefoil, lotus.

48
Q

List 4 grass species which must be rotationally grazed

A

Tall Fescue, Phalaris, Timothy, Prairie Grass

49
Q

List 5 grass species which are tolerant to hard grazing

A

PR and IR. Tall fescue, cocksfoot, phalaris

50
Q

Compare the ryegrass tillers per m2 on high SR and high fertility and Low SR and Low fertility

A

High SR = 10,500 tiller per m2 and low SR - 2480 tillers per m2

51
Q

What are hybrid ryegrasses? Why are they added to pasture mixes?

A

Mix between perennial ryegrass and Italian ryegrass. Added to boost cooler region growth and animal performance during winter.

52
Q

How to tetraploid ryegrasses change animal intake compared to diploid?

A

Increase intake by 3-4%

53
Q

Explain early tiller development of a grass plant

A

A leaf primordium bulges out of one side of the leaf. A tiller bud begins to form with cells at the bottom of the leaf primordium expanding and dividing. These close over the growing point and lengthens to form a leaf lamina and sheath.

54
Q

Explain the positions of 5 phytometers at any 1 time

A

2 in the process of elongation. 1 with leaf emerging into the light. 2-3 with fully emerged leaves.

55
Q

How can a grass tiller structure be conceptualized to improve grazing management?

A

A chain of phytometers at different stages of development.

56
Q

What factors do we consider when matching a particular cultivar to an environment ?

A

grazing type, insect/pest challenge, drought tolerance, endophytes

57
Q

List 4 grass species which are low-rainfall tolerant

A

Tall fescue, cocksfoot, browntop, phalaris

58
Q

How much tillers are present per m2 in a ryegrass pasture at any one time

59
Q

Grasslands Ariki - species, type, persistence

A

Perennial type hybrid ryegrass, 10 years in moist conditions, 1-2 years in dry conditions.

60
Q

Ceres Atom - Species

A

Prairie Grass

61
Q

Compare WC tiller number in a high stocking rate, high fertility area vs a low stocking rate and low fertility area.

A

782/m2 vs 3740/m2

62
Q

Concord Wrightson - species and ploidy

A

Diploid Italian ryegrass

63
Q

Grasslands Moata - species and ploidy

A

Tetraploid Italian ryegrass

64
Q

Define pseudostem

A

A soft, stem-like structure formed when leaf sheaths wrap around each other in concentric circles.

PLSC321 (8 decks)

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