Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PLSC321 > Endophytes > Flashcards

Endophytes Flashcards

1
Q

What areas in NZ will NOT show benefits from using endophytes?

A

Cooler regions such as Southland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the effect of endophytes on tiller density?

A

Greater in the endophyte infected pasture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is endophyte likely to improve pasture production?

A

Summer dry environments and insect challenged environments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does ASW (argentine stem weevil) damage grass plants?

A

mining the central psuedostem and growing points

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How much more dry matter did a standard-infected perennial ryegrass produce than one with no endophyte (%)

A

38%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What pests does Loline protect from?

A

ASW, grass grub, porina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What pests does Janthitrems protect from?

A

ASW, porina, root aphid, black beetle, pasture mealy bug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What pests do ergovaline protect form?

A

Black beetle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What pests does Lolitrem B protect from?

A

None but may interact with other alkaloids to protect from pests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What pests does peramine protect from?

A

ASW

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the effect of black beetle on grass and where is it found?

A

feed on the roots underground, found in the central/upper North Island

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the effect of grass grub and where is it found?

A

feed on the roots, found all over NZ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the mechanism which endophytes use to protect against insect pests?

A

produce alkaloids which minimize the amount of eggs being laid and the amount of feeding that larvae can do on the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the main alkaloid in Tall/Meadow Fescue

A

Lolines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What month is peramine in the highest concentration in ryegrass?

A

November

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain the endophyte life cycle and transmission

A

Endophytes live in the seed. As the seed germinates, endophytes grow into the shoot and emerging tiller. The endophyte lives at the base of the plant/growing point. As new tillers get initiated the endophyte emerges and elongates with the tiller into the seed again as the plant becomes reproductive.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define endophyte

A

Epichloe species. It is a fungus found inside perennial ryegrass and fescue plants which have a symbiotic relationship with the plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How does a water deficit effect ergovaline and Lolitrem B concentrations in grass?

A

increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How much higher did endophyte-infected ryegrass yield than non-infected in Summer and Autumn?

A

Summer - 20% + . Autumn 30%+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How much economic damage does the ASW cause to NZ pasture annually?

A

$46-200 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What time of year does Ryegrass Staggers usually occur?

A

late summer/autumn

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the effect of Lolitrem B on animals?

A

Blocks ion channels to prevent heart cells firing - tremogenic compound causing loss of control over muscles. Effects the motility of the gut, causing malabsorption of nutrients resulting in more dags. Ryegrass staggers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where can ergovaline be stored in Animals bodies?

A

Liver, kidneys, fat tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What effect does ergovaline have on animal health?

A

vasoconstrictor, reduces the size of veins and ability of the animal to regulate heat. Causes them to change their behaviour to regulate their body temperature eg searching for water which can cause them to drown. Death due to misadventure. Reduces prolactin and therefore reproduction and milk production

25
Where in the plant is Loline concentrated?
Leaves and roots
26
Where in the plant is Janthitrems concentrated?
Leaves, seed, seedhead
27
Where in the plant is ergovaline found ?
Leaf sheath, reproductive tillers, seed head, seed.
28
Where in the plant is Lolitrem B found?
Leaf sheath, reproductive tiller, seedhead, seed
29
Where in the plant is peramine found?
Young leaves
30
Name the endophyte strain found in Meadow Fescue (botanical name)
E. uncinata
31
Name the endophyte strain found in Tall Fescue (botanical name)
E.coenophiala
32
Name the endophyte strain found in perennial ryegrass (botanical name)
E. festucae var . lolli
33
Name 3 alkaloids in a wild type endophyte
peramine, lolitrem B, ergovaline
34
What effect does peramine have on animals?
None
35
What is the main way which endophytes decrease animal production?
Lower intake
36
What indirect effect does endophyte have on animal productivity?
reduced clover content due to increased grass production
37
How does endophyte impact per hectare performance?
may improve pasture production and persistence, more feed available to livestock and will increase production in the long-term which can offset effect of alkaloids on individuals
38
How do AR1, AR37, Wild type and no endophyte vary in their ability to protect against insect pests?
AR37 is the best and is comparable with the wild type endophyte. AR1 is not as good as AR37 or wild type endophyte but is better than NO endophyte at all.
39
What alkaloids are present in AR1
peramine
40
What alkaloids are present in AR37
Janthintrems - broad spectrum effect.
41
What alkaloids are present in wildtype?
peramine, lolitrem B, ergovaline
42
What alkaloids are present in NEA2
peramine and ergovaline
43
What alkaloids are present in NEA6
peramine and ergovaline
44
What alkaloids are present in AR5
peramine
45
What alkaloid is present in MaxP?
Loline
46
What alkaloid is present in Grubout?
Loline
47
What is the aim of developing novel endophytes?
aim is to get rid of alkaloids which produce harmful effects on animals whilst maintaining positive effects on pasture production and insect protection
48
how can the risk of ryegrass staggers be reduced through farm management?
Understanding where alkaloids are produced in the plant and how to avoid grazing these points
49
Compare the liveweight gains of lambs grazing wild type endophyte pastures vs non-infected pastures
41g/hd/d vs 111g/hd/d
50
Compare the rygrass staggers score of lambs grazing wild type endophyte infected pastures with no endophyte pastures
3.1 vs 0 out of 5
51
Compare the flystrike % of lambs on endophyte with a wild-type endophyte vs no endophyte
15% vs 2%
52
Compare the prolactin levels of cattle on wild type endophyte vs nil endophyte
90mg/ml vs 189mg/ml
53
What level of ergovaline causes clinical disease in CATTLE
300ppb
54
What level of ergovaline causes clinical disease in SHEEP
500ppb
55
What level of Lolitrem B results in clinical disease in both sheep and cattle?
1800ppb
56
What milk yield did cows in Autumn have on AR37, AR1 and Wild type endophyte ?
14.1, 14.9, 11.8
57
What milk yield did cows have grazing pastures on no endophyte in Autumn
14.2
58

PLSC321 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions