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PLSC321 > Endophytes > Flashcards

Endophytes Flashcards

1
Q

What areas in NZ will NOT show benefits from using endophytes?

A

Cooler regions such as Southland

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2
Q

What is the effect of endophytes on tiller density?

A

Greater in the endophyte infected pasture

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3
Q

Where is endophyte likely to improve pasture production?

A

Summer dry environments and insect challenged environments

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4
Q

How does ASW (argentine stem weevil) damage grass plants?

A

mining the central psuedostem and growing points

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5
Q

How much more dry matter did a standard-infected perennial ryegrass produce than one with no endophyte (%)

A

38%

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6
Q

What pests does Loline protect from?

A

ASW, grass grub, porina

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7
Q

What pests does Janthitrems protect from?

A

ASW, porina, root aphid, black beetle, pasture mealy bug

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8
Q

What pests do ergovaline protect form?

A

Black beetle

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9
Q

What pests does Lolitrem B protect from?

A

None but may interact with other alkaloids to protect from pests

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10
Q

What pests does peramine protect from?

A

ASW

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11
Q

What is the effect of black beetle on grass and where is it found?

A

feed on the roots underground, found in the central/upper North Island

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12
Q

What is the effect of grass grub and where is it found?

A

feed on the roots, found all over NZ

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13
Q

What is the mechanism which endophytes use to protect against insect pests?

A

produce alkaloids which minimize the amount of eggs being laid and the amount of feeding that larvae can do on the plant

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14
Q

What is the main alkaloid in Tall/Meadow Fescue

A

Lolines

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15
Q

What month is peramine in the highest concentration in ryegrass?

A

November

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16
Q

Explain the endophyte life cycle and transmission

A

Endophytes live in the seed. As the seed germinates, endophytes grow into the shoot and emerging tiller. The endophyte lives at the base of the plant/growing point. As new tillers get initiated the endophyte emerges and elongates with the tiller into the seed again as the plant becomes reproductive.

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17
Q

Define endophyte

A

Epichloe species. It is a fungus found inside perennial ryegrass and fescue plants which have a symbiotic relationship with the plant

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18
Q

How does a water deficit effect ergovaline and Lolitrem B concentrations in grass?

A

increases

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19
Q

How much higher did endophyte-infected ryegrass yield than non-infected in Summer and Autumn?

A

Summer - 20% + . Autumn 30%+

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20
Q

How much economic damage does the ASW cause to NZ pasture annually?

A

$46-200 million

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21
Q

What time of year does Ryegrass Staggers usually occur?

A

late summer/autumn

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22
Q

What is the effect of Lolitrem B on animals?

A

Blocks ion channels to prevent heart cells firing - tremogenic compound causing loss of control over muscles. Effects the motility of the gut, causing malabsorption of nutrients resulting in more dags. Ryegrass staggers.

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23
Q

Where can ergovaline be stored in Animals bodies?

A

Liver, kidneys, fat tissue

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24
Q

What effect does ergovaline have on animal health?

A

vasoconstrictor, reduces the size of veins and ability of the animal to regulate heat. Causes them to change their behaviour to regulate their body temperature eg searching for water which can cause them to drown. Death due to misadventure. Reduces prolactin and therefore reproduction and milk production

25
Q

Where in the plant is Loline concentrated?

A

Leaves and roots

26
Q

Where in the plant is Janthitrems concentrated?

A

Leaves, seed, seedhead

27
Q

Where in the plant is ergovaline found ?

A

Leaf sheath, reproductive tillers, seed head, seed.

28
Q

Where in the plant is Lolitrem B found?

A

Leaf sheath, reproductive tiller, seedhead, seed

29
Q

Where in the plant is peramine found?

A

Young leaves

30
Q

Name the endophyte strain found in Meadow Fescue (botanical name)

A

E. uncinata

31
Q

Name the endophyte strain found in Tall Fescue (botanical name)

A

E.coenophiala

32
Q

Name the endophyte strain found in perennial ryegrass (botanical name)

A

E. festucae var . lolli

33
Q

Name 3 alkaloids in a wild type endophyte

A

peramine, lolitrem B, ergovaline

34
Q

What effect does peramine have on animals?

A

None

35
Q

What is the main way which endophytes decrease animal production?

A

Lower intake

36
Q

What indirect effect does endophyte have on animal productivity?

A

reduced clover content due to increased grass production

37
Q

How does endophyte impact per hectare performance?

A

may improve pasture production and persistence, more feed available to livestock and will increase production in the long-term which can offset effect of alkaloids on individuals

38
Q

How do AR1, AR37, Wild type and no endophyte vary in their ability to protect against insect pests?

A

AR37 is the best and is comparable with the wild type endophyte. AR1 is not as good as AR37 or wild type endophyte but is better than NO endophyte at all.

39
Q

What alkaloids are present in AR1

A

peramine

40
Q

What alkaloids are present in AR37

A

Janthintrems - broad spectrum effect.

41
Q

What alkaloids are present in wildtype?

A

peramine, lolitrem B, ergovaline

42
Q

What alkaloids are present in NEA2

A

peramine and ergovaline

43
Q

What alkaloids are present in NEA6

A

peramine and ergovaline

44
Q

What alkaloids are present in AR5

A

peramine

45
Q

What alkaloid is present in MaxP?

A

Loline

46
Q

What alkaloid is present in Grubout?

A

Loline

47
Q

What is the aim of developing novel endophytes?

A

aim is to get rid of alkaloids which produce harmful effects on animals whilst maintaining positive effects on pasture production and insect protection

48
Q

how can the risk of ryegrass staggers be reduced through farm management?

A

Understanding where alkaloids are produced in the plant and how to avoid grazing these points

49
Q

Compare the liveweight gains of lambs grazing wild type endophyte pastures vs non-infected pastures

A

41g/hd/d vs 111g/hd/d

50
Q

Compare the rygrass staggers score of lambs grazing wild type endophyte infected pastures with no endophyte pastures

A

3.1 vs 0 out of 5

51
Q

Compare the flystrike % of lambs on endophyte with a wild-type endophyte vs no endophyte

A

15% vs 2%

52
Q

Compare the prolactin levels of cattle on wild type endophyte vs nil endophyte

A

90mg/ml vs 189mg/ml

53
Q

What level of ergovaline causes clinical disease in CATTLE

A

300ppb

54
Q

What level of ergovaline causes clinical disease in SHEEP

A

500ppb

55
Q

What level of Lolitrem B results in clinical disease in both sheep and cattle?

A

1800ppb

56
Q

What milk yield did cows in Autumn have on AR37, AR1 and Wild type endophyte ?

A

14.1, 14.9, 11.8

57
Q

What milk yield did cows have grazing pastures on no endophyte in Autumn

A

14.2

58
Q
A

PLSC321 (8 decks)

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