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Management > Pasture Management > Flashcards

Pasture Management Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most important factor affecting CHO concentrations?

A

Growth stage

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2
Q

What are the two types of CHO?

A

Structural and non-structural (Storage)

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3
Q

What is 90% of structural CHO comprised of?

A

Cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin

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4
Q

How does cellulose change with age?

A

Increases with age

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5
Q

Which linkages cannot be broken down by a non-ruminant gut?

A

Beta 1-4 linkages

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6
Q

Which structural CHO is highly degradable?

A

Pectin

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7
Q

What molecule is part of cell structure but is not CHO?

A

Lignin, very resistant to degradation, alkali is used to break down lignin bonds

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8
Q

How does the digestibility of structural CHO and non-CHO change change with age?

A

Digestibility decreases with age because structural components increase with age

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9
Q

Which two components make up the non-structural CHO?

A

Fructan and starch

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10
Q

Which non-structural CHO can cause pasture-induced laminitis?

A

Fructan, dissolves in water

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11
Q

Which fiber contains more fructan: Ryegrass or Timothy Hay?

A

Ryegrass (Lower polymerization than Timothy)

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12
Q

Is amylose or amylopectin resistant to amylase activity?

A

Amylose

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13
Q

What percentage of most plants is amylose (Except peas)?

A

About 20%

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14
Q

Which non-structural CHO can cause normal laminitis?

A

Starch

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15
Q

Which has the least amount of starch and which has the most amount of fructan: Meadow fescue, cocksfoot, perennial ryegrass, Timothy

A

Least: Timothy
Most: Perennial ryegrass

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16
Q

Which part of a pant has the highest fructan content?

A

Stem (As opposed to leaves)

17
Q

What time of day is non-structural carbohydrate concentration at its highest?

A

Mid/late afternoon to early evening (Also when you want to mow to get rid of parts with most sugar)

18
Q

How does temperature affect the amount of non-structural carbohydrate in a plant?

A

Increased temperature = decreased NSC

19
Q

How does light affect the amount of non-structural carbohydrate in a plant?

A

Increased light = increased NSC

20
Q

How does water affect the amount of non-structural carbohydrate in a plant?

A

Decreased water = increased NSC

21
Q

What percentage does grass contribute to the large animal diet?

A

80-90%, 60-65% in dairy cattle because they are so high producing

22
Q

What is the main difference between permanent pasture and leys?

A

Permanent pastures are more than 5 years old, leys are less than 5 years old

23
Q

Name some pros and cons about clover.

A

Pro: Restores nitrogen to soil, higher in many nutrients in comparison to grasses
Cons: May cause frothy bloat (Due to high protein), phytoestrogens mess with estrogen cycles of livestock

24
Q

What problems does lucerne cause that are similar to those of clover?

A

Frothy bloat, phytoestrogens

25
Q

What level is optimum for digestibility value?

A

At or above 75

26
Q

Are magnesium and phosphorus constant throughout the growing season?

A

No, vary throughout season

27
Q

Which has more protein between these pairs: Leaves and stems, legumes and grasses

A

Leaves > stems

Legumes > grasses

28
Q

Which plant has the longest growing season, the fastest development/establishment, and is highly competitive?

A

Ryegrass

29
Q

How do K and Mg interact in a fertilizer?

A

K prevents uptake of Mg, causes hypomagnesemia

30
Q

What is the most important element in fertilizer?

A

Nitrogen

31
Q

What organism frees nitrogen to be used in the soil?

A

Legumes

32
Q

What general pH level is preferred by grasses?

A

Slightly acidic, 6-6.5 (Peat likes about 5.6)

33
Q

What is added to basic soil to increase acidity?

A

Sulfur

34
Q

What is added to acidic soil to increase basicity?

A

Lime (CaCo3 or MgCO3)

35
Q

Name 5 types of grazing strategies.

A

Continuous, rotational (Often every 21 days), creep (Younger stock first and dams follow), mixed/alternate (Alternate species grazing on an area), zero (Cutting grass and bringing it in for indoor cows to eat)

36
Q

How does integrated/conservation grazing work?

A

Let animals feed on 1/3 of field, cut other 2/3 for silage. Then move animals to recently cut 2/3 of field, let first 1/3 grow and then cut for silage. Then open all areas of the field for animals.

37
Q

When should sward heights be the shortest and when should sward heights be the tallest?

A

Shortest in spring, tallest in autumn

Management (3 decks)

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