PastTest Flashcards
Use of Riluzole?
Tx for ALS that modestly increases survival
_____ and ______ are drugs used in the treatment of cancer and can both cause coronary artery vasospasm.
5FU, capecitabine (orally available form of 5FU)
______ presents w/ features of SLE, systemic sclerosis and/or polymyositis. It is associated w/ anti-U1 RNP antibodies.
Mixed connective tissue disorder. Characteristic initial presentation is Raynaud’s phenomenon and myalgia.
This class of immunosuppressants used in organ transplant can cause renal damage (nephrotoxicity) by causing constriction of afferent and efferent renal arterioles.
Calcineurin inhibitors such as cyclosporine. They act by preventing IL-2 transcription.
The dorsal optic radiation linking the LGN to the superior portion of the visual cortex runs in the ______ lobe, while the Meyer’s loop liking the LGN to the inferior portion of the visual cortex runs in the ______ lobe.
parietal, temporal.
______ supplies the vestibular and cochlear nuclei (located in the pons)
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA)
Schizophrenia symptoms (disorganized speech, delusions, hallucinations, disorganized or catatonic behavior, and negative sxs) lasting 1-6 months =
Schizophreniform disorder. If it is less than a month it is called “brief psychotic disorder.”
When does the centrosome replicate in the cell cycle?
During S phase
Distinguish between TTP, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) and DIC
Difference btwn TTP and DIC is that TTP has a normal PT/PTT and DIC doesn’t. HUS is for kids and TTP is for adults and HUS doesn’t have neurologic changes. All three can have petechiae.
Where does GI absorption of B12 take place?
Terminal ileum. Deficiency causes subacute combined degeneration of the cord and megaloblastic anemia.
Electron microscopy of minimal change will show…
Effacement or flattening of podocyte foot processes.
What is Cri-du-chat syndrome? What causes?
It is a congenital abnormality characterized by the findings on microcephaly, moderate to severe intellectual disability, high-pitched crying/mewing, epicanthal folds and cardiac abnormalities (most commonly VSD). It is caused by a congenital microdeletion of the short arm of chromosome 5.
Which hypertensive agents are preferred for use during pregnancy (i.e. for pre-eclampsia)?
hydralazine, labetalol, methyldopa, nifedipine
Sarcoidosis is characterized by what finding on bronchoalveolar lavage? What other things are characteristic of this disease?
Elevated CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Causes an interstitial lung disease, non-caseating granulomas of affected organs (most commonly lungs), associated w/ uveitis and parotid gland enlargement.
Hemochromatosis or iron overload can cause which two types of cardiomyopathy?
Dilated (more common) cardiomyopathy and restrictive cardiomyopathy.
Deficiency is what enzyme leads to Lesch-Nyhan syndrome?
Deficiency in hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. This is an X-linked disorder characterized by retardation and self-mutilation.
Which CN palsy is seen in association w/ idiopathic intracranial cranial hypertension?
CN VI palsy. Causes failure of abduction of the eyes. Note that this condition is most commonly seen in young, obese women, and that the fundoscopy exam will demonstrate papilledema.
What is the “pringle maneuver?”
It is where you clamp the free border of the lesser omentum (aka the hepatoduodenal ligament) and thus constrict the hepatic artery and portal vein. Useful in trauma to assess where peritoneal bleeding is coming from.
Leukemic cells that have thin projections of the cytoplasm will stain positive for what specific marker?
TRAP +. This is describing hairy cell leukemia.
What is TdT a marker of? In what condition is it positive?
TdT is a marker of pre-B and pre-T cells. It is positive in ALL.
Myotonic dystrophy (characterized by hypotonia, muscle wasting, and frontal balding, as well as increased risk of cataract formation and cardiac conduction defects) is characterized by which trinucleotide repeat of which gene?
CTG of DMPK gene
What is the finding of a CT brain in hepatic encephalopathy?
In advanced stage there is cerebral edema that can lead to effacement of sulci and loss of grey-white differentiation.
What is the pathophysiology of adrenoleukodystrophy? How does it present?
It is an X-linked disorder that causes disruption of metabolism of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs). This causes them to accumulate in the CNS and adrenal gland. It presents w/ cognitive impairment, gait ataxia, diffuse UMN signs, and adrenal insufficiency.
What is Dejerine-Roussy Syndrome?
This is aka thalamic pain syndrome. It is where there is an ischemic (not sure if it can be another type) infarct of the thalamus that then eventually leads to long-standing, residual pain at the site of sensory sxs when the infarct occurred.
