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Pharma 2 > Past Q 7th test (toddler drive) > Flashcards

Past Q 7th test (toddler drive) Flashcards

1
Q

Which tetracyclines are excreted via urine?

A

 Short acting Tetracyclines:

  • Tetracycline
  • Oxytetracycline
  • Chlorteracycline
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2
Q

Best choice for anaerobic bacteria?

A

 Lincosamides are outstanding against anaerobes.

  • Lincomycine
  • Clindamycine
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3
Q

Name 5 diseases that are treated with Doxycycline

A 
 Hearthworm against Wolbachia spp.
 Borrhelia →Lyme disease (Doxycline x1/day for 6weeks)
 Clamydophilae → Respiratory infections
 Rickettsiae
 Mycoplasma
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4
Q

Mention the most toxic aminoglycoside?

A

 Neomycin

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5
Q

Which can penetrate intra-cellularly?

A

 Tetracyclines, (e.g. Doxycycline)

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6
Q

Good for treating oral cavity infections?

A

 Lincosamides

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7
Q

Has a high concentration in bronchial fluid after hours of

administration:

A

 Gamithromycine (effective for 10-15 days)

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8
Q

Which macrolides can be used in horses? For which diseases is it
indicated?

A

 For Rhodococcus equi (can treat foals less than 6 months of age. No gut flora would have developed yet. (No dysbacteriosis risk)
 Drugs used:
- Azithromycine (oral x1/day for 6 weeks)
- Clarithromycin (oral x1/day for 6 weeks)
- Erythromycin (+ Rifampicin) [out of date]
- Gamithromycine (injection x1/week for 6 weeks)

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9
Q

Mechanism of action of aminoglycosides

A

 30S subunit
 Bactericidal (concentration-dependent)
 Except: Spectinomycine (bacteriostatic)

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10
Q

Mention the side effects of aminoglycosides

A

 Nephrotoxic
 Ototoxic: damages VIII. Vestibulocochlear nerve → damage of
audition and balance
 Neuromuscular block: inhibits Ach release in neuromuscular junction

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11
Q

What did the mouse do on the hot plate?

A

 Control → Mouse without drug
 The rodent is treated with active substance
 Placed on a plate heated to 52°C
 Frequency of licking or picking up the leg is observed
 Result: When compared with the control, the mouse is licking and
picking up his legs fewer times. Analgesic effect is working.

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12
Q

Macrolide having cardio-toxic effect (e.g. in goats)

A

 Tilmicosine

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13
Q

Aminoglycosides used for which bacteria?

A

 Mycobacterium

 Mycoplasma

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14
Q

Describe the tail flick test

A

 The tail is radiated by a focused IR lamp as pain stimulus
 Time is measured till the animal removes its tail
 Control → Mouse without drug
 Mouse with morphine → Morphine has its maximum effect after 30 minutes (Disadvantage is the slow onset of action)

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15
Q

Tetracyclines: Bacterial spectrum and Resistance

A

 Resistance:
- Resistance common amongst all of bacteria
- Especially E.coli (>90°C)
- Main mechanism of resistance
a) Impaired uptake into bacteria
b) Active efflux
1) Ab Ovo:
Pseudomonas aeuroginosa → Always resistant to
Tetracyclines. (do not use to treat)
2) Acquired:
Pathogenic → E.coli, Salmonella, Pasteurella
multocida, Manheima haemolitica, Staphylococcus
aureus
 (Do not use to treat gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, dermatitis, mastitis)

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16
Q

Side effects of Pleuromutulins?

A

 Skin erythema → Peri-anal region
 Vulvar oedema
 Dysbacteriosis → not for horses and rodents
 Toxic interaction with ionophores (muscle necrosis)

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17
Q

Side effects of Lincosamides?

A

 Severe dysbacteriosis →Absollutely prohibited in herbivorous, rodents, rabbits, horses
 Severe tissue irritation
 Vomiting

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18
Q

Use of Clindamycin?

A 
 Oral cavity infection
 Respiratory infection
 Toxoplasmosis
 Osteomyelitis
 Joint infection
 Dermatitis
 Anal succulitis
 Abscesses
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19
Q

Tetracyclines are yellowish substances. Explain.

A

 Occurs due to high affinity to calcium. Yellow discolouration of
teeth in growing animals (Not for pregnant animals in the last
trimester, and not for puppies, kittens)

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20
Q

Which drugs can be used against GI infections due to E.coli, Salmonella?

A

 Aminoglycosides (apramycin for swine, oral administration)

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21
Q

Mention the side effects of Tetracyclines

A

 Oral infection (Fe)
 GI disturbances (vomiting and diarrhoea can occur)
 Dysbacteriosis (dysbalance of the bacterial microflora) (in rabbits, herbivore rodents and horses [the older the horse the more sensitive])
 I.V. administration may cause hypocalcaemia, hypotension, shock and even collapse
 Tissue necrosis (tissue irritant)
 Yellow discoloration of teeth in growing animals
 Hepatotoxicity
 Nephrotoxicity
 Photosensitivity

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22
Q

List the short acting Tetracyclines

A

 Tetracycline
 Oxytetracycline
 Chlorteracycline

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23
Q

Which organisms are susceptible to Tetracyclines?

A

 Borrelia spp. (Lyme-disease!)
 Chlamydophila spp.
 Rickettsia spp. (e.g. cattle heartwater)
 Mycoplasma spp.
 and protozoa: Anaplasma, Theileria, Eperythrozoon spp.

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24
Q

Doxycycline in dogs is used against what diseases?

A

 Heartworm
 Lyme disease (x1/day for 6 weeks)
 Ehricliosis (x1/day for 6 weeks)
 Bordatella brochiseptica → Kennel cough

25
Q

Aminoglycosides acting on Pseudomonas aeroginosa

A

 Amikacin
 Tobramycin
 Gentamycin

26
Q

Which drug is prohibited in food-producing animals?

A

 Chloramphenicol

27
Q

Antibiotics acting on bacterial cell wall / membrane

A

 Aminoglycosides

28
Q

Antibiotics good with anaerobes

A

 Lincosamides → Lincomycine, Clindamycin

29
Q

What synergises with Spectinomycin?

A

 Pronounced synergism with Lincomycin
 Spectinomycin(30S) + Lincomycin(50S)
 Used against Mycoplasma infection

30
Q

Best for: 1sth choice

  1. Swine dysentery
  2. Gingivitis
  3. Borrelia → Lyme disease
  4. Wolbachia → Heart worm
  5. Antibiotic Responsive Diarrhoea
  6. Lawsonia intracellularis
A
  1. Tylvalosin
  2. Clindamycin
  3. Doxyccline
  4. Tetracyclines
  5. Tylosin
  6. Tiamulin
31
Q

Which macrolides can only be used in young horses?

A

 Horses under 6 months of age can be treated with:

  • Azithromycine (oral x1/day for 6 weeks)
  • Clarithromycin (oral x1/day for 6 weeks)
  • Erythromycin (+ Rifampicin) [out of date]
  • Gamithromycine (injection x1/week for 6 weeks)
32
Q

Mention drugs used for ophthalmic treatment

A

 Neomycin
 Tobramycin
 Bacitracin
 Polymyxins

33
Q

Mode of action of Macrolides

A

 Bacteriostatic (50S)

34
Q

Name 2 macrolides used in small animals and humans

A

 Azithromycin
 Clarithromycin
 Roxithromycin

35
Q

What is now obsolute for swine dysentery? (B. hyodysenteriae) What replaces it?

A

 Tylosin is nowadays obsolute
 Tylvalosin used against swine dysentery (applied orally mixed with water)
 Other drugs that can be used: Lincomycine, Tiamulin, valnemulin

36
Q

Mention the tests where pain is caused by heat

A

 Hot plate method (plate heated to 52°C)
 Tail immersion test (water bath heated to 52°C)
 Tail flick test (By IR lamp)

37
Q

Name the drugs acting on the 30S and 50S subunit

A

 30S subunit: Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines

 50S subunit: Macrolides, Lincosamides, Phenicols, Pleuromutulins

38
Q

Which drugs are used against Lawsonia intracellularis?

A 
 Tylosin
 Tylvalosin
 Lincomycin
 Tiamulin
 Valnemulin
39
Q

Which one of the tetracyclines is better orally absorbed?

A

 Long acting Tetracyclines have a better absorption

  • Doxycycline
  • Minocycline
40
Q

Antibacterial spectrum of tetracyclines

A

 All tetracyclines are similar
 Very broad: Gram+ and Gram-, aerobic anaerobic (wide range)
 Can penetrate and act intra-cellularly
 Very common resistance, especially among Enterobacteriaceae
 Sensitivity testing is very important!
 Active against some special bacteria:
- Borrelia spp. (Lyme-disease!)
- Chlamydophila spp.
- Rickettsia spp. (e.g. cattle heartwater)
- Mycoplasma spp.
- and protozoa: Anaplasma, Theileria, Eperythrozoon spp.

41
Q

Which macrolides can only be used in young horses?

A

 Horses under 6 months of age can be treated with:

  • Azithromycine (oral x1/day for 6 weeks)
  • Clarithromycin (oral x1/day for 6 weeks)
  • Erythromycin (+ Rifampicin) [out of date]
  • Gamithromycine (injection x1/week for 6 weeks)
42
Q

Mention drugs used for ophthalmic treatment

A

 Neomycin
 Tobramycin
 Bacitracin
 Polymyxins

43
Q

Mode of action of Macrolides

A

 Bacteriostatic (50S)

44
Q

What is the contraindication of using xylazine as an anaesthetic?

A

 Do not use in the later stages of pregnancy
 Do not use in animals with oesophageal obstruction, and torsion of the stomach, as the muscle relaxant properties of the drug appear to accentuate the effects of the obstruction and because of possible vomiting.
 Do not use in animals with renal or hepatic failure, respiratory dysfunction, cardiac abnormalities, hypotension and/or shock. Do not use in diabetic animals.
 Do not use in animals suffering of an urethral obstruction or a rupture of the bladder
 Do not use in foals and calves younger than 2 weeks or in puppies and kittens younger than 6 weeks.

45
Q

When would you use neomycin?

A 
 Treatment of enteritis (in gastrointestinal infection)
 Mastitis , Metritis
 Dermatitis
 UTI
 Septicaemia
 Eye and Ear Infections
46
Q

What are the side effects with combination of xylazine and ketamine?

A

 Muscular tension
 Cardiac depression
 Respiratory depression
 Vomiting (in Cats)

47
Q

Name the drugs acting on the 30S and 50S subunit

A

 30S subunit: Aminoglycosides, Tetracyclines

 50S subunit: Macrolides, Lincosamides, Phenicols, Pleuromutulins

48
Q

When do you use Gentamicin?

A 
 Respiratory tract infection
 UTI
 GI infection
 Septicaemia
 Mastitis
 Metritis
 Intramammary inflammation
 Dermatitis
 Against P.auregenosa
49
Q

Antibacterial spectrum of tetracyclines

A

 All tetracyclines are similar
 Very broad: Gram+ and Gram-, aerobic anaerobic (wide range)
 Can penetrate and act intra-cellularly
 Very common resistance, especially among Enterobacteriaceae
 Sensitivity testing is very important!
 Active against some special bacteria:
- Borrelia spp. (Lyme-disease!)
- Chlamydophila spp.
- Rickettsia spp. (e.g. cattle heartwater)
- Mycoplasma spp.
- and protozoa: Anaplasma, Theileria, Eperythrozoon spp.

50
Q

In which cases do you use Lincosamides?

A

 Lincomycin:

  • Respiratory tract infection
  • Soft tissue infection (foot rot, wounds)
  • Systemic infections
  • Mastitis
  • Metritis
  • Swine dysentery
  • Mycoplasmosis
  • Lawsonia intracellularis

 Clindamycin:

  • Oral cavity infection
  • Dermatitis
  • Abscesses
  • Anal sacculitis
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Respiratory infection
  • Toxoplasmosis
51
Q

What active substances would be used to treat Lawsonia intracellularis?

A

 Tylosin + Tiamulin (Pleuromutilin)

52
Q

When would you use tylosin?

A

 Mycoplasmosis (in dogs)
 Respiratory tract infection (in pigs+ruminants+poultry)
 Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth (SIBO in dogs)
 Lawsonia intracellularis
 Brachyspira hyodysenteriae/swine dysentery ( in pigs)
 Acute respiratory distress syndrome (in small animals)

53
Q

What is the contraindication of using xylazine as an anaesthetic?

A

 Do not use in the later stages of pregnancy
 Do not use in animals with oesophageal obstruction, and torsion of the
stomach, as the muscle relaxant properties of the drug appear to accentuate the effects of the obstruction and because of possible vomiting.
 Do not use in animals with renal or hepatic failure, respiratory
dysfunction, cardiac abnormalities, hypotension and/or shock. Do not use
in diabetic animals.
 Do not use in animals suffering of an urethral obstruction or a rupture of the bladder

54
Q

When would you use neomycin?

A 
 Treatment of enteritis (in gastrointestinal infection)
 Mastitis , Metritis
 Dermatitis
 UTI
 Septicaemia
 Eye and Ear Infections
55
Q

Name the special things about Doxycycline

A

 Excellent absorption
 Excellent distribution intracellularly and penetration of the special barriers (blood-brain, blood-milk, blood-prostate, blood-eye)

56
Q

What do you use to treat R. Equi?

A

 Erythromycin

57
Q

When do you use Gentamicin?

A 
 Respiratory tract infection
 UTI
 GI infection
 Septicaemia
 Mastitis
 Metritis
 Intramammary inflammation
 Dermatitis
 Against P.auregenosa
58
Q

Side effects of Tetracyclines

A

 Oral infection (Fe)
 GI disturbances (vomiting and diarrhoea can occur)
 Dysbacteriosis (dysbalance of the bacterial microflora) (in rabbits,
herbivore rodents and horses [the older the horse the more sensitive])
 I.V. administration may cause hypocalcaemia, hypotension, shock and even collapse
 Tissue necrosis (tissue irritant)
 Yellow discoloration of teeth in growing animals
 Hepatotoxicity
 Nephrotoxicity
 Photosensitivity

59
Q

In which cases do you use Lincosamides?

A

 Lincomycin:

  • Respiratory tract infection
  • Soft tissue infection (foot rot, wounds)
  • Systemic infections
  • Mastitis
  • Metritis
  • Swine dysentery
  • Mycoplasmosis

 Clindamycin:

  • Oral cavity infection
  • Dermatitis
  • Abscesses
  • Anal sacculitis
  • Osteomyelitis
  • Respiratory infection
  • Toxoplasmosis

Pharma 2 (3 decks)

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