Past Q 6th test (toddler drive)

Question 1

What can be treated with Cephalexin?

Answer 1

 Dermatitis (skin infection)
 Otitis
 UTI (Urinary Tract infection)
 Soft tissue infections
 Respiratory infection (Pneumonia)
Against Staphylococcus and Streptococcus

Question 2

Which diseases can be treated by Narrow Spectrum Penicillins?

Answer 2

 Respiratory infection
 Swine erysipelas (e.g. Diamond skin disease)
 Anthrax
 Tetanus
 Metritis, mastitis
 Streptococcus (e.g. strangles in horse)

Question 3

The role of clavulanic acid? What is clavulanic acid + amoxicillin used for?

Answer 3

 Inhibits ß-lactamase enzyme produced by bacteria
- All of the Gram - (especially E.coli)
- Gram + Staphylococcus only
 Suicide inhibitor of ß-lactamases, so that its partner can act
 Clavulanic acid + Amoxicillin
- Urinary tract infections
- Respiratory tract infection
- Gastrointestinal infections
- Soft tissue infections, skin infections (Dermatitis)
- Bite wounds
- Osteomyelitis
- Mastitis
- Lyme-disease
 Toxicity → Do not use in horses and rodents (prohibited to use even
orally and parenterally)

Question 4

Ceftiofur- Generation? Species? Role? Administration route?

Answer 4

 Ceftiofur Crystalline- Free Acid (CCFA)
 3rd generation Cephalosporin antibiotic
 Acts against:
- Gastrointestinal problems by E.coli, Salmonella
- Respiratory tract infection by fastidious bacteria (Salmonella cholerasuis, Streptococcus)
- Systemic infections in ruminants, swine and horses
 S.C. injection

Question 5

Difference between Amoxicillin and Clavulinic acid

Answer 5

 Amoxicillin
 - Broad spectrum penicillin
 - Gram – bacteria are highly resistant
 Clavulanic acid
 - ß-lactamase inhibitor
 - No antibacterial action on its own

Question 6

What is unique for cefovecin?

Answer 6

 Used for dogs and cats
 S.C. injection → Long-acting (very long half-life); 1 administration lasts 2 weeks, (good for aggressive animals)
 Used for:
  - Urinary Tract Infection
  - Oral cavity infection
  - Gingivitis
  - Skin infection

Question 7

What is used to treat anthrax in Horses? How is it applied?

Answer 7

Benzyl- penicillin, I.V. injection

Question 8

What generation of cephalosporins is the 1st choice against dermatitis?

Answer 8

1st generation cephalosporins, especially Cefalexine

Question 9

What do you know about Penethamate?

Answer 9

 Narrow spectrum penicillin
 Penethamate is the diethylaminoethyl ester of Benzyl-penicillin
 Is a ß-lactam antibiotic used in food-producing animals
 Against mastitis, metritis
 Used in cattle, swine, horses, goats and sheep
 Crosses blood-milk barrier
 Excreted via milk
 I.M. (injectable solution for treatment of bacterial infections)

Question 10

What is used with Dihydrostreptomycin?

Answer 10

 With procaine-penicillin and benzyl-penicillin: Helps penetration of streptomycin into cell.
 With erythromycin: effective against TBC (tuberculosis=mycobacterium)

Question 11

Which drug has a long half-life and lasts for 2 weeks?

Answer 11

Cefovecin (in dogs and cats)

Question 12

Which drugs are used against Pseudomonas aeurginosa?

Answer 12

 Cefoperazone (3rd generation cephalosporins)

 Tobramycin, Gentamicin, Amikacin (aminoglycosides)

Question 13

Which drug is used against E.coli enteritis?

Answer 13

 Cefoperazone

 Ceftiofur (Ru, Sus, Eq)

Question 14

Which drug works on penicillinase producing Staphylococcus aureus? (causes mastitis)

Answer 14

 Penicillinase stable penicillins via intra-mammary infusion (Oxacillin)

Question 15

Which is ß-lactamase inhibitor?

Answer 15

 Clavulinic acid + Amoxicillin
 Sulbactam + Ampicillin
 Tazobactam + Piperacillin

Question 16

Drugs used against Lyme disease

Answer 16

 Amoxicillin
 For nervous system signs: (I.V., use for short term)
- Cefotaxime
- Ceftriaxone

Question 17

What is Oxacillin used for?

Answer 17

It is used in mastitis caused by penicillinase producing Staphylococcus
aureus and Streptococcus. Give as an intra-mammary infusion (Also
dermatitis, but has bad oral absorption)

Question 18

What is the primary drug against anthrax?

Answer 18

Benzyl-penicillin (I.V.)

Question 19

Which Cephalosporin is used to treat superficial dermatitis in dog?
Name a drug that can be administrated orally.

Answer 19

Cefalexine

Question 20

Cefovecin- What is special about it? What infections does it treat? In
which species it is used?

Answer 20

 Dog and cat
 S.C. injection, long acting (very long half-life); 1 administration lasts for
2 weeks. (Good for aggressive animals)
 Used for :
 - U.T.I.
 - Oral cavity infection
 - Gingivitis
 - Skin infection

Question 21

Narrow spectrum penicillin that can cross the blood-milk barrier and
is injected I.M.?

Answer 21

Penethamate

Question 22

Describe Phase Ⅱ elimination. Name the molecules involved.

Answer 22

 The drugs Dextromethorphane (DXM) and Ketoconazole are lipophilic. Only hydrophilic substances can be excreted.
 Phase 2- Conjugation (e.g. glucuronidation, GSH-conjugation, acetylation, methylation) catalysed by transferase enzymes
- Goal→ water soluble compounds reached
- Transport→ Conjugates from the cell (by ATP-dependent efflux transporters)

Question 23

CYP 450; inducers and inhibitors

Answer 23

 Inducers of CYP 450: ↑ activity, ↑ quantity

• Toxic substances
• Drugs e.g. Phenobarbital, rifamycine, (ethanol)
• Plants e.g. cabbage (Brassica spp.), alkaloids, St. John’s wort

 Inhibitors of CYP 450:

• Ketoconazole
• Macrolide antibiotics (Erythromycin, Clarithromycin)
• Tiamulin
• Sulphonamides

Question 24

Define T ½ α and Absorption.

Answer 24

 T ½ → Elimination half-life. The time taken for 50% of any amount of drug to be eliminated from the body.
 T ½ α → In minutes. Distribution phase to tissues (especially liver, kidney, muscles)
 % of absorbed drug = AUC PO / AUC IV

Question 25

Which enzymes are part of Phase 1 and phase 2?

Answer 25

```  Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases  Flavin-monooxygenases  Monoamine-oxidases  Alcohol/aldehyde-dehydrogenases  Esterases  Peptidases  Transferase ```

Question 26

Which cephalosporins crosses the blood brain barrier?

Answer 26

Cefotaxime and Ceftriaxone

Question 27

What Antibiotic is administered for dermatitis in dog and how should you apply it?

Answer 27

Cefalexine, orally.

Question 28

Which are the main CYP family?

Answer 28

 CYP1: theophylline, phenacetin, (benzpyrene, PAH, dioxin)  CYP2: steroids, progesterone, vitamine D3, paracetamol, benzodiazepines, (PAH)  CYP3: antibiotics, steroids, ethylmorphine  CYP4: endogenous substrates, fatty acids, arachidonic acid, eicosanoids

Question 29

Which compound can we use to follow up CYP450 activity after | dextromethorphane demethylation?

Answer 29

Nash reagent

Question 30

Name the components of the NADPH system

Answer 30

 cytochrome P450: monooxygenase (polypeptide chain +heme prosthetic group)  NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase  NADPH (electron donor) and oxygen are essential

Question 31

Name the most important CYP family

Answer 31

CYP 3 (antibiotics, steroids, ethylmorphine)