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Genes, evolution & development > Past papers > Flashcards

Past papers Flashcards

1
Q

What does recombinant mean?

A

a chromosome, cell or individual that has non parental combinantions of alleles.

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2
Q

What is epistasis?

A

Interaction betweentwo or more genes that affect a single phenotype.

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3
Q

What is the telomere?

A

Sequences at the ends of linear chromosomes that stabilise the chromosomes.

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4
Q

What is the synapsis?

A

The association of replicated homologous chromosomes that allows crossing over to occur during Prophase 1 of MEIOSIS

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5
Q

What is linkage disequilibrium?

A

the association of particular SNP’s with each other in a population.

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6
Q

What is the pseudoautosomal region?

A

a region of homologous DNA on the X and Y chromsomes of mammals.

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7
Q

What is monosomy?

A

Where a cell or organism has one chromosome of a homologous pair missing.

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8
Q

What is non disjunction?

A

Aberrant segregation of chromosomes or chromatids during meiosis.

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9
Q

What is the centromere?

A

A region of DNA on a chromosome that becomes attached to the meitoic spindle.

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10
Q

What is the haplotype?

A

A set of SNPs close together in a small region of a chromosome.

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11
Q

What is a barr body?

A

The inactive X chromosome in cells of female mammals.

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12
Q

What are sister chromatids?

A

Two identical copies of a chromosome derived from replication of the chromosome and held together by cohesion.

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13
Q

What is a morphospecies?

A

populations designated as seperate species based on differences in form.

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14
Q

What does fixation mean?

A

All organisms have the same allele at the same locus in a population.

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15
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

genetic drift resulting from the establishment of a new population by a small number of individuals.

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16
Q

What is gene flow?

A

the movement of alleles between populations.

17
Q

What is the gene pool?

A

random changes in allele frequencies caused by sampling error.

18
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

is the change in the frequency of a gene variant (allele) in a population due to random sampling

19
Q

What is overdominance?

A

heterozygotes have higher fitness than homozygotes.

20
Q

Which are derived from common ancestors and which are a result of adaption to a similar environment?

Dorsal fins of porpoise and salmon.

Bones of human arm/bat wing.

Jointed leg of ladybird/leg of robin.

Rhesus monkey’s tail/human coccyx.

Giant panda’s thumb/human’s thumb

A

Homologous:

Human arm/bat wing bones.

Human coccyx/monkey’s tail.

Analogous the rest.

21
Q

Where is the Trophectoderm?

A

outside layer in gastrulation.

22
Q

What are Orthologous genes?

A

same gene in different organisms.

23
Q

What are Paralogous genes?

A

Duplicated genes within a single genome.

24
Q

What are Homologous genes?

A

Genes that share a common ancestral gene.

25
Q

What are Homeotic mutations?

A

A mutation that results in the transformation of one body structure to another.

26
Q

What is the most abundant DNA polymorphism in humans?

A

Single nucleotide polymorphisms.

27
Q

What results in down syndrome?

A

Trisomy of chromsome 21.

non disjunction occuring during the first meiotic division in the mother.

28
Q

what are mesochymal steam cells?

A

multipotent stromal cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types

29
Q

Where is the SRY region located?

A

Just outside the pseuodoautosomal region.

30
Q

What are Kuru and vCJD examples of?

A

prion diseases.

31
Q

Advantages of studying a mouse?

A

Mammal and strong genetics.

32
Q

Why is the inner cell mass pluripotent but not totipotent?

A

can give rise to all cell types, including somatic and germ cells, but not the extraembryonic membranes.

33
Q

What can the molecular clock use?

A

DNA sequences (coding and non) and protein sequences.

34
Q

When did the Cambrian explosion occur?

A

500 million years ago.

Genes, evolution & development (5 decks)

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