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Genes, evolution & development > Definitions > Flashcards

Definitions Flashcards

1
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

One trait, one gene, two alleles.

3:1 ratio.

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2
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

Tow traits, two genes, four alleles.

9:3:3:1 ratio.

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3
Q

What are mendels laws?

A

First law: alleles of a single gene segregate equally into gametes.

Second law: alleles of different genes segregate independently into gametes.

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4
Q

What is allopathic speciation?

A

Speciation by geographic isolation.

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5
Q

Describe alturism.

A

Behaviour that decreases the fitness of the individual but increases the fitness of recipient.

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6
Q

Define the bottleneck.

A

A sharp reduction in population size due to environmental or human activities. Reduces gene pool variation.

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7
Q

Define sympatric speciation.

A

New species evolve from a single ancestral speices in the same geographical region.

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8
Q

Describe disruptive selection.

A

Diversifying election, population genetics changes where extreme values are favoured.

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9
Q

What is Hamiltons rule?

A

rb>c

Evolutionary strategy that favours reproductive success of relatives.

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10
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

Evolutionary success of a trait can be calculated as:

Sum of fitness x relatedness

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11
Q

What is the neutral theory?

A

At the molecular level most evolutionary changes and the variability are caused by random drift not selection.

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12
Q

What is phylogeny?

A

The history of the evolution of a species or group.

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13
Q

What is polyandry?

A

Mating where the female mates with more than one male.

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14
Q

What is Postzygotic isolation?

A

Prevent hybrids from passing on genes ny reproductive isolation after fertilisation.

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15
Q

What is a transitional form?

A

Organisms that show intermediates between ancestral descendents.

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16
Q

What is morphospecies?

A

Populations designated as seperate species based on differences in form.

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17
Q

What is natural selection?

A

Organisms best adapted to their environment tend to survive and transmit genetic characters on to offspring.

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18
Q

Define genotype.

A

The genetic makeup of a cell, organism or individual.

19
Q

Define phenotype.

A

The observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism based on genetic makeup and the environment.

20
Q

What is allele frequency?

A

The proportion of a particular allele among all allele copies being considered.

21
Q

Define speciation.

A

The evolutionary process by which new species arise.

22
Q

What is a missing link?

A

Usually a fossilised remain of a life form that exhibits traits common to its ancestors and descendants.

23
Q

What is an Endemic species?

A

A species with a habitat restricted to one area.

24
Q

What is a pandemic species?

A

A species widely distributed throughout a country or continent.

25
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A

The independent evolution of similar features in species of different lineages.

26
Q

What is a molecular clock?

A

A technique that uses fossils and rates of molecular change to deduce the time when two species diverged.

27
Q

What Is a synonymous change in dna?

A

Substitution of one base for another that doesn’t change the primary structure.

28
Q

What is junk dna?

A

Dna that doesn’t code for proteins or their regulation.

29
Q

What was the cambria explosion?

A

The rapid appearance of most major animal phyla around 542 m years ago.

30
Q

What is genetic drift?

A

Random changes in allele frequencies caused by sampling error.

31
Q

What is the founder effect?

A

Genetic drift resulting from the establishment of a new population by a small number of individuals.

32
Q

Define fitness.

A

The ability to both survive and reproduce and equals the average contribution to the gene pool of the next generation.

33
Q

What is social evolution?

A

Social behaviours having fitness consequences for others, not the actor (alturistic or selfish)

34
Q

What does analogous mean?

A

Similarities Due to adaption to similar environmental problems not common descent (convergent evolution).

35
Q

What does homologous mean?

A

Similar structures between species as the result of descent from a common ancestor (convergent evolution)

36
Q

What is fixation?

A

The state where the individual in a population has the same allele at the particular locus.

37
Q

What is gene flow?

A

The movement of alleles between populations.

38
Q

What is a gene pool?

A

All the alleles in a breeding population at one time.

39
Q

Define aneuploidy.

A

An abnormal number of chromosomes.

40
Q

What is trisomy?

A

Three chromosomes instead of two.

41
Q

What is polygyny?

A

Where a male mates with more than one female.

42
Q

What is heredity?

A

The study of inheritance.

43
Q

What is population genetics?

A

The study of the gene pool of a organism.

44
Q

What is molecular genetics?

A

The study of the molecular structure and function of genes.

Genes, evolution & development (5 decks)

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