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Biology GCSE > Past Paper Questions > Flashcards

Past Paper Questions Flashcards

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1
Q

Two symptoms of infection by Salmonella are vomiting and diarrhoea. What causes these symptoms?

A

toxins / poisons (secreted by / from / in bacteria)

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2
Q

Give two ways a person with a mild infection of Salmonella can help prevent the spread of the bacteria to other people?

A
  • wash hands after using toilet
  • wash hands before preparing / handling food
  • do not share utensils / cutlery / towels
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3
Q

In very serious infections of Salmonella, a doctor can prescribe drugs to kill the bacteria.
What type of drug can the doctor prescribe to kill the bacteria?

A

Antibiotics

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4
Q

A person with AIDS may take longer than a healthy person to recover from a Salmonella infection.
Explain why?

A
  • immune system is damaged / weakened or immune system doesn’t function properly
  • white blood cells cannot kill bacteria / Salmonella (as effectively)
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5
Q

Salmonella bacteria can be transmitted from chickens to humans. Chickens can be vaccinated to prevent the transmission of Salmonella bacteria to humans.
Suggest one other way farmers could prevent the transmission of Salmonella from chickens to humans?

A
  • (give chickens) antibiotics
  • don’t sell infected chickens / eggs
  • keep infected chickens isolated / indoors
  • slaughter the infected chickens
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6
Q

Which cleaning liquid is the more effective? Give a reason for your answer.

A

Cleaning liquid - B

Reason - greater reduction in number of bacteria (after cleaning) in both locations

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7
Q

What measurement would the scientist need to take to calculate the area where no bacteria were growing?

A

radius (of area with no bacteria growing)

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8
Q

Give one change to the investigation that would allow the scientist to check if the results are repeatable?

A

repeat and look to see if results are similar

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9
Q

The scientist showed the results to the restaurant owner. Both cleaning liquids cost the same per dm3.
Suggest one other factor the restaurant owner should consider when choosing which cleaning liquid to use?

A 
• toxicity / side / health effects
• effect on other types of bacteria / pathogens
• interaction with other cleaners
• ease of use
• dilution factor of each
cleaner (vs. cost)
• time cleaner is effective for
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10
Q

One metabolic reaction is the formation of lipids.

Give one other metabolic reaction in cells?

A
  • respiration
  • formation of proteins
  • photosynthesis
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11
Q

What two conclusions can be made from the data in Table 2?

A
  • males have a higher metabolic rate than females after five years of age
  • the mean metabolic rate of females decreases faster than males up to 25 years of age
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12
Q

•Calculate the percentage decrease in the mean metabolic rate of males between 5 years and 45 years of age.
-Use the equation:
percentage decrease= decrease in metabolic rate × 100
—————————————-
……………………………………..original metabolic rate
• Give your answer to 3 significant figures.

A

17
— x 100
53

  • 32.075472…
  • 32.1
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13
Q

Describe two differences in the response of person R and person S to the exercise?

A

• (person) R heart rate rose /
increased more slowly than (person) S
• (person) R heart rate levelled off whereas (person) S continued to increase
• (person) R heart rate rose less (overall / after 5 minutes of exercise) than S

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14
Q

After five minutes of exercise, the heart rate of person S was 132 beats per minute. When person S rested, his heart rate decreased steadily at a rate of 12 beats every minute.
Calculate how much time it would take the heart rate of person S to return to its resting rate?

A

12
4.5 (minutes) / 4 minutes 30 seconds

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15
Q

A student made the following hypothesis about the heart rate of smokers and non-smokers during exercise.
“During exercise, the heart rate of smokers increases more than the heart rate of non-smokers.”
Design an investigation that would allow you to test this hypothesis?

A

•two groups of people - non-smokers and smokers
have at least five people in each group or large groups •get each person to do (named) exercise
controlled variables:
- same number of people in each group or large groups - same gender
- same level of activity / exercise
- same age
- no health issues / illnesses
- same type of exercise
- same time for exercise
•record heart rate for each person before and after exercise
•calculate increase in heart rate for each person after exercise
•compare results for each group

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16
Q

Urea is transported in the blood plasma.

Name two other substances transported in the blood plasma?

A
  • carbon dioxide
  • water
  • glucose
  • amino acids
  • lactic acid
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17
Q

Training at high altitude increases the number of red blood cells per cm3 of blood.
Explain why having more red blood cells per cm3 of blood is an advantage to an athlete?

A

more haemoglobin

(therefore) more oxygen can be carried / transported

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18
Q

Which two blood vessels carry deoxygenated blood?

A
  • pulmonary artery

* vena cava

19
Q

Which type of blood vessel carries blood into the right atrium?

A

The one with a wide lumen but not the diameter of a capillary ( B )

20
Q

Compare the structure of an artery with the structure of a vein?

A
  • arteries have a thicker layer of muscle (tissue) or veins have a thinner layer of muscle (tissue)
  • arteries have a thicker layer of elastic tissue or veins have a thinner layer of elastic tissue
  • arteries have a narrower lumen or veins have a wider lumen
  • arteries do not have valves and veins have valves
21
Q

Where is the pacemaker located when put in a heart?

A

Right atrium

22
Q

A patient may be fitted with an artificial pacemaker.

What condition may be treated using an artificial pacemaker?

A

an irregular heart beat

23
Q

Another student suggested that the result for egg 4 was anomalous. Do you agree with the student?
Give a reason for your answer?

A

(yes, because) the mass change (of egg 4) is much lower than the others

24
Q

Calculate the percentage change in mass of egg 3?

A
  1. 7 - 72.4
    - ————– x 100
  2. 4
  • 4.6 (%)
25
Q

Explain why the masses of the eggs increased?

A

•(mass increased because) water entered by osmosis
from a dilute solution in the beaker to a more •concentrated solution in the egg (cell)
•through a partially permeable membrane

26
Q

Explain how the student could modify the investigation to determine the concentration of the solution inside each egg?

A
  • use five (or more) different concentrations of salt / sugar solution (in beakers)
  • (by) plotting percentage change (in mass / volume) on / using a graph
  • determine the concentration where the curve / line crosses the zero percentage change (in mass / volume)
27
Q

Explain how calcium ions are moved from the shell into the cytoplasm of the egg?

A
  • (ions are moved) from an area of low concentration to high concentration
  • (by) active transport
  • (which) requires using energy
28
Q

An aphid feeds by inserting its sharp mouthpiece into the stem of a plant.
Give the reason why the mouthpiece of an aphid contains a high concentration of dissolved sugars after feeding?

A

(mouthpiece) has pierced / entered the phloem
or
(the aphid) has been feeding from the phloem

29
Q

Magnesium deficiency symptoms include:
• yellow leaves
• stunted growth.
Explain how a deficiency of magnesium could cause these symptoms?

A
  • yellow leaves due to lack of chlorophyll
  • (therefore) less / no light absorbed (by chlorophyll)
  • (therefore) lower rate of / no photosynthesis
  • (therefore) plant makes less / no sugar / glucose
  • (therefore) plant converts less / no sugar / glucose into protein (for growth, so growth is stunted)
30
Q

To make the monoclonal antibodies a scientist first isolates the PVY protein from the virus.
Describe how the scientist would use the protein to produce the PVY monoclonal antibody?

A
  • inject the protein / it into a mouse
  • combine lymphocytes with tumour / cancer cells to make hybridoma (cells)
  • find a hybridoma which makes a monoclonal antibody specific to PVY
  • (the scientist) clones (the hybridoma) to produce many cells (to make the antibody)
31
Q

What molecule are genes made of?

A

DNA / deoxyribo(se)nucleic acid

32
Q

What is the function of the cell membrane?

A

controls the movement of substances in / out of cell

33
Q

The mucus can:
• block the duct leading from the pancreas to the small intestine
• block the tubes leading to the alveoli in the lungs.
Explain why children with CF grow more slowly than children without CF.

A

fewer (digestive) enzymes enter small intestine
• (so) enzymes break down / digest less food
• (therefore) less absorption of nutrients
• (so) less glucose can enter the blood(stream)
• (so) less (glucose) available for respiration
• (less absorption of nutrients so) fewer amino acids can enter the blood(stream)
• (so) less protein is made (for growth) ignore ref to bile
less oxygen enters blood(stream) / reaches cells / organs / tissues (ignore body / lungs)
• (so) less (oxygen) available for (aerobic) respiration
• (so) less energy released / available (for growth)
do not accept energy produced

34
Q

Describe how the median age of a group of people can be determined?

A

put ages in (ascending / descending / chronological) order

find middle value

35
Q

Suggest one reason why the median age for people with CF is lower than the median age for the whole population.

A

most common in young people
or
(more) don’t live to an old age

36
Q

In 2015, the total number of people with CF in the UK was 10 800.
Calculate how many people with CF in the UK in 2015 would not need a lung transplant.

A

0.98 × 10 800

10 584

37
Q

The healthy lungs can then be transplanted into CF patients without the risk of organ rejection.
Describe how scientists may use stem cells to create healthy lungs that are not rejected by the CF patient.

A
  • take stem cells from patient (bone marrow / skin)
  • remove / change / fix the faulty / CF gene
  • create embryo using these stem cells
  • remove stem cells (from embryo) and stimulate / allow them to divide / differentiate into lung (cells)
38
Q

Some people disagree with the use of stem cells because of the risk of cancer.
Give one other reason why some people disagree with the use of stem cells to create new organs for transplants.

A

idea of ethical / religious concerns about use of embryos such as loss of (potential) human life

39
Q

How much more milk would a typical adult have to drink to get their RDA for calcium compared with the amount of milk needed to get their RDA for vitamin B-12?

A

(for calcium)
500
—— × 1000 = 826.446281 (cm3)
605

(for vitamin B-12)
500
—— × 2.4 = 266.67 (cm3)
4.5

560 / 559.8 / 559.78 / 559 (cm3)

40
Q

Describe how a student could test cow’s milk to show whether it contains protein and different types of carbohydrate?

A
  • Biuret reagent (allow CuSO4 and NaOH) tests for protein
  • add Biuret reagent to milk
  • solution will turn (from blue) to lilac if positive
  • iodine solution tests for starch (ignore iodine unqualified)
  • add iodine solution to milk
  • solution will turn (from orange / brown) to blue / black if positive
  • Benedict’s reagent tests for sugars
  • add Benedict’s reagent to milk and boil / heat (allow any temperature above 60 °C)
  • solution will turn (from blue) to (brick) red / brown / orange / yellow / green if positive
41
Q

Explain why the indicator in both tubes became colourless?

A
  • lipase breaks down fat into fatty acids (and glycerol)
  • (and) fatty acids lower the pH
  • (and when) fatty acids cause the pH to be below 10 (the indicator becomes colourless)
42
Q

Give the reason why the measurement of the time taken for the indicator to become colourless might be inaccurate.

A

•observation of colour change is subjective / based on opinion

43
Q

Explain the difference in the results for the two test tubes in Table 9.

A
  • bile emulsifies fats
  • creates a larger surface area (of fat)
  • (so) lipase can break down fat (to produce fatty acids) more quickly / effectively
44
Q

Infliximab is a monoclonal antibody against the inflammatory signaling molecules TNF-α. How is infliximab produced?

A

A mouse is injected with TNF-α.
The mouse’s immune system responds by producing lymphocytes (white blood cells) that produce antibodies against TNF-α.
The lymphocytes are extracted from the mouse and fused (combined) with myeloma cells (tumour cells) to form hybridoma cells.
The myeloma (tumour) cells grow rapidly and lots of identical cells are produced. All of the hybridoma cells produce the same antibody.
These monoclonal antibodies are collected, purified and can then be used to target specific cells and chemicals. -These monoclonal antibodies are infliximab.

Biology GCSE (5 decks)

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