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Biology GCSE > Chapter 3/4 - Bioenergetics and Diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 3/4 - Bioenergetics and Diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Photosynthesis?

A

Carbon dioxide + water =(sunlight)=> glucose + oxygen

It is an endothermic reaction - it needs an input of energy for the environment.

Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts - they contain a green pigment called chlorophyll.

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2
Q

Balanced photosynthesis equation?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O => C6H12O6 + 6O2

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3
Q

How do plants use glucose?

A
  • Use the glucose straight away in respiration.
  • Store is as starch
  • Build up the glucose into cellulose for cell walls
  • Combine it with nitrates and minerals from the soil to make proteins.
  • Use it to build up fats and oils to use an energy store.
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4
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A
  • All living things respire to release energy
  • Oxygen + glucose => carbon dioxide + water
  • 6O2 + C6H12O6 => 6CO2 + 6H2O
  • It is an exothermic reaction - energy is transferred to the environment.
  • Respiration takes place in every cell of our bodies - it takes place in the mitochondria.
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5
Q

The need for aerobic respiration?

A
  • To build up and break down molecules.
  • Make muscles contract
  • Maintain a constant body temperature of molecules e.g. plants taking up minerals from the soil
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6
Q

Effect on exercise on the body?

A
  • Your muscles contract and to do that they need energy. They get this energy from respiration.
  • Respiration needs oxygen and glucose.
  • Breathing rate increases to get more oxygen in the body.
  • Heart rate increases to deliver this glucose and oxygen via the blood to the cells.
  • Increased production of CO2 - this needs to be removed by exhaling.
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7
Q

Changes that occur in response to exercise:

A
  • Heart rate increases
  • Arteries going to muscles dilate
  • Breathing rate and depth increases
  • Glycogen stores are connected back to glucose
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8
Q
  • Human muscle can respire anaerobically for short periods of time. What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
  • Some plants, and some fungi such as yeast can respire anaerobically. What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
A

•The glucose in muscle is converted to lactic acid:

glucose → lactic acid + energy released

•Glucose in yeast cells is converted to carbon dioxide and ethanol, which we refer to simply as ‘alcohol’:

glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide + energy released

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9
Q

Anaerobic respiration?

A

•Most organisms cannot respire without oxygen but some organisms and tissues can continue to respire if the oxygen runs out. These organisms and tissues use the process of anaerobic respiration.

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10
Q

Metabolism?

A

This is the sum of all the reactions that take place in the body.

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11
Q

What metabolic functions does the liver do?

A
  • Detoxifying poisons (ethanol)
  • Passing breakdown products into the blood do they can be excreted via the kidneys.
  • Breaking down warm out red blood cells and storing the iron.
  • Converting lactic acid to glucose so it can be broken down through aerobic respiration removed from the body.
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12
Q

Effects of alcohol on the body?

A
  • Alcohol is poisonous - it needs to be removed by the liver.
  • Alcohol is absorbed and travels via the blood around the body.
  • It makes reflexes slower
  • It can cause cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer
  • It can affect the brain
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13
Q

How alcohol affects the baby while in the womb?

A

Alcohol will pass across the placenta to the body.

This may lead to miscarriage premature births and low birth weight.

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14
Q

What are pathogens?

A

•Microbes that cause diseases

e.g. bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists

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15
Q

What does bacteria do?

A

Produces toxins that affect your body and make you feel ill. They can also directly damage cells.

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16
Q

What does viruses do?

A
  • Viruses are much smaller than bacteria.
  • They take over the cells of your body.
  • They live and reproduce inside cells, damage and destroy them.
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17
Q 
Measles:
Pathogen type?
Transmission?
Symptoms?
Prevention?
A
  • Virus
  • Inhalation is droplets from coughs and sneezes.
  • Fever and red skin rash. Can prove fatal with complications.
  • Vaccination
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18
Q 
HIV:
Pathogen type?
Transmission?
Symptoms?
Prevention?
A
  • Virus
  • Blood borne, spread through mixing of body fluids and sexual contact.
  • Early stage is flu like illness. AIDS develops when the immune system is so badly damaged it can no longer deal with other infections.
  • Condoms and sterile needles
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19
Q 
Salmonella:
Pathogen type?
Transmission?
Symptoms?
Prevention?
A
  • Bacteria
  • Ingested with food
  • Fever and abdominal cramps, vomiting and diarrhoea caused by both the bacteria and the toxins they produce.
  • Poultry are vaccinated. Maintaining hygiene in food preparation areas.
20
Q 
Gonorrhoea:
Pathogen type?
Transmission?
Symptoms?
Prevention?
A
  • Bacteria
  • Sexual contact
  • Pain when urinating. Thick yellow or green discharge from the penis or vagina.
  • Condom. Can be treated with antibiotics to control the spread
21
Q 
Malaria:
Pathogen type?
Transmission?
Symptoms?
Prevention?
A
  • Protist
  • Mosquito vector
  • Recurrent episodes of fever and can be fatal in many cases.
  • Mosquito nets preventing mosquitos from breeding
22
Q 
Tobacco Mosaic Virus:
Pathogen type?
Transmission?
Symptoms?
Prevention?
A
  • Virus
  • Air-borne
  • A distinctive mosaic pattern of discolouration on the leaves, causes stunted growth due to lack of photosynthesis.
23
Q 
Rose Black Spot:
Pathogen type?
Transmission?
Symptoms?
Prevention?
A
  • Fungus
  • Water and wind
  • Purple and black spots form on the leaves, which then fall from the plant. This reduces photosynthesis and therefore growth.
  • Fungicides and removal of infected leaves
24
Q

Cilia cells?

A
  • The ciliates epithelial cells have little ‘hairs -(cilia)’ on them that wave backwards and forwards.
  • Goblet cells produces mucus
  • Microbes which we breathe in are trapped in the mucus
  • The mucus is wafted along by the cilia to the back of the throat
  • We cough and swallow and any microbes trapped in the mucus are killed by the acid in your stomach.
25
Q

How white blood cells protect us form disease?

A
  • White blood cells may ingest pathogens
  • White blood cells produce antibodies which are specific to each pathogen. Pathogens have antigens (like tags) on their surface - antibodies are made based on theses antigens. They fit into the antigens which then kills the pathogen.
  • White blood cells may produce antitoxins which bind to toxins produced by the microbe.
26
Q

Antibody?

A

Produced by a white blood cells and used to get rid of pathogens.

27
Q

Antigen?

A

Shape on the surface on pathogens.

28
Q

Antitoxin?

A

Produced by white blood cells to get rid of toxins made by pathogens.

29
Q

How vaccination works?

A

•Injected with a weak, dead microbe
•Then white blood cells produce antibodies to fit on the surface of the pathogens and kill the pathogen
•Then antitoxins are produced to get rid of toxins made by pathogen.
- You are now immune as your body can respond rapidly and make antibodies quickly if the same pathogen comes again.

30
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

If a large proportion of the population is immune to a disease, the spread of the pathogen is reduced and the disease may disappear.

31
Q

What is a painkiller?

A

Painkillers are chemicals that relieve the symptoms but do not kill the pathogens

32
Q

What are antibiotics?

A
  • Antibiotics are substances that slow down or stop the growth of bacteria.
  • They are commonly prescribed medicines, examples include penicillin and amoxicillin.
  • These can be taken to cure the disease by killing the pathogen, but only cure bacterial diseases and not viral ones.
33
Q

How antibiotics work?

A
  • They work inside your body to kill the bacteria that causes diseases.
  • They do this by damaging the cell wall of the bacteria which stops them from taking in too much water and so they eventually explode.
  • Antibiotics have no effect on viruses
34
Q

What are viral diseases?

A

Viral diseases cannot be cured by antibiotics, as they reproduce inside the host cells. It is very difficult to develop antiviral drugs, as they might damage the host cell whist killing the virus.

35
Q

How resistance develops?

A
  • You start taking an antibiotic
  • The weak bacteria are killed first
  • Only resistant (strong) bacteria are left
  • You stop taking antibiotic
  • The resistant bacteria reproduce and now when you take the antibiotic again, it won’t work because all the bacteria are resistant
36
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Monoclonal antibodies are identical copies of one type of antibody.

37
Q

What happens when a mouse is injected with a specific pathogen?

A
  • An antigen is injected into a mouse
  • The mouse naturally produces lymphocytes, which produce antibodies specific to the antigen
  • Spleen cells which produce the lymphocytes are removed during a small operation
  • The spleen cells are fused with human cancerous white blood cells called myeloma cells to form hybridoma cells which divide indefinitely
  • These hybridoma cells divide and produce millions of monoclonal antibodies specific to the original antigen
38
Q

How monoclonal antibodies are used for pregnancy tests?

A

Pregnancy test kits use monoclonal antibodies. These have been designed to bind with a hormone called HCG which is found only in the urine of pregnant women.
Monoclonal antibodies are attached to the end of a pregnancy test stick onto which a woman urinates. If she is pregnant, HCG will be present in her urine and will bind to the monoclonal antibodies on the test stick.
This will cause a change in colour or pattern which will indicate pregnancy.
These specific monoclonal antibodies in the pregnancy test will only bind with HCG.

39
Q

Benefits of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • testing for pregnancy by detecting HCG hormones in urine
  • testing for diseases such herpes and chlamydia, and HIV which can lead to the development of AIDS
  • to treat conditions like cancer by carrying drugs directly to the tumour cells, and helping the immune system attack them
  • monoclonal antibodies can be produced quickly despite the fact that it can be time consuming when they are made for the first time
40
Q

Negatives of monoclonal antibodies?

A
  • Very expensive
  • Only attack one disease at a time
  • Time consuming
41
Q

How monoclonal antibodies are used for treating cancer?

A
  • Cancerous cells have antigens.
  • Monoclonal antibodies can be designed to bind specifically with these antigens.
  • When injected into a person’s body, the monoclonal antibodies will bind with these cancer cells and clump them together.
  • This makes it easier to identify a cancerous tumour, which can then be treated or removed.
42
Q

What is nitrate deficiency?

A

Nitrates are needed to make proteins from amino acids.

When levels are low plants suffer from stunted growth.

43
Q

What is magnesium deficiency?

A

Magnesium is needed to make chlorophyll, so without enough the leaves turn from green to yellow. This is called chlorosis.

44
Q

What chemical and mechanical defences are in cellulose cells walls?

A

Chemical - Antibacterial chemicals

Mechanical - Thorn and hairs to deter animals

45
Q

What chemical and mechanical defences are in the tough waxy cuticle on leaves?

A

Chemical - Poisons to deter herbivores

Mechanical - Leaves which droop or curl when touched

46
Q

What chemical and mechanical defences are in layers of dead cells around stems (tree bark) which fall off?

A

Chemical - Nothing

Mechanical - Mimicry to trick animals

47
Q

How to test for a developing new drug?

A
  • The drugs are tested using computer models and skin cells grown using human stem cells in the laboratory.
  • Drugs that pass the first stage are tested on animals in the second part of a preclinical drug trial.
  • Drugs that have passed animal tests are used in human clinical trials. They are tested on healthy volunteers to check that they are safe but it is unethical to give someone the disease e.g Cancer a placebo. So they give some people either the new drug or placebo at random.
  • Then the trials continue on a larger number of patients.

Biology GCSE (5 decks)

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