past paper questions Flashcards
which is the liquid part of blood
plasma
which is a cell that transports oxygen in the blood
erythrocytes
which is the largest type of white blood cell that helps to prevent infections
monocytes
which is a cell fragment important in the clotting of blood
platelets
which is correct about the hydrostatic pressure in the formation of tissue fluid
it forces water and dissolved substances into surrounding tissues
AV node role
delays impulses
SA Node role
initiates contraction
component of nervous system that controls the heart rate
autonomic nervous system
role of vena cava
-is a vein
-carries deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
role of coronary arteries
-delivers oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle
-the allows the heart to function properly
role of pulmonary artery
transports deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs
diaghram
contracts and flattens during inspiration
relaxes and domes upwards during expiration
intercostal muscles
contract during inspiration
relax during expiration
pleural membranes
thin membranes have fluid on surface
allows smooth movement during inspiration and expiration
anaerobic and aerobic
ATP - both
lactic acid - anaerobic
oxygen - aerobic
two symptoms of cystic fibrosis
shortness of breath
restricted airways
treatment for cystic fibrosis
physiotherapy - removes excess mucus in lungs
IBS similarities and differences between causes and effects
-both caused by infection
-both caused by food intolerance
-for ibs, caused by stress and problems with absorption. for coeliac, it is caused by automimmune condition, damage to villi
both effects involve constioation snd diarrhoea, weight loss, abdominal pain
IBS affects large intestine. coeliac is small.
digestive system roles
anus - removes faeces
rectum - stores faeces
bile duct then small intestine
two impacts IBS on lifestyle
impacts on social life - need to visit toilet often
feeling embarrassed due to toilet habits
synovial joints true of false
true false true
type of synovial joint in shoulder
ball and socket
component of joint affected by osteoporosis
bone
two methods to monitor osteoporosis
blood tests
bone density scan
risks factors and causes for arthritis
risk factors: gender - females have higher rates of arthritis. ageing - greater time for cartilage to develop
smoking causes inflammation
cause: wear and tear of joint, loss of cartilage, increased friction, autoimmune disease
type of joint in cranium
fixed joint
respiratory system components
pleural membrane
trachea
bronchiole
larynx
two ways imrove gaseous exchange
large surface area - increases surface over which gaseous exchange can take place
walls one cell thick - shortens distance for gases to pass through
one treatment for emphysema
inhalers
which blood component transports co2 from body cells to lungs
plasma
internal structure of heart
JMLO
effects of emphysema on body
shortness of breath, difficulty breathing, fatigue, weight loss
explanations
airways are obstructed, not enough air getting into lungs, less effective gas exchange
one type of medication to treat CHD
ACE inhibitors
one way of monitoring CHD
angiogram - a type of x-ray where dye is injected into blood
one risk factor foe CHD
lack of exercise
liver or pancreas
liver
liver
liver
pancreas
6 marks od double pump
-right side deoxygenated blood
-left side oxygenated blood
-blood going onto two circuits every time heart beats
-pulnonary circuit is to the lungs and back
-systemic circuit is through the body, head and back
-diastole is the filling phase, blood fills the atria
-ventricular systole is the emptying phase
causes of osteoporosis and effects on bone tissue
causes - ageing, menopause, eating disorder, lack of exercise
effects - brittle weak bones, loss of bone strength, loss of proteins in bones
digestive system lines
absorption - produce of fat
assimilation - products of digestion
where does emulsification of fats take place
small intestine
what produces bile
liver
what stores bile
gall bladder
method used to treat gallstones
surgery to remove the gallbladder
actions of stomach in mechanical and chemical digestion
mechanical-
-stomach churns food
-large pieces into smaller pieces
-food is mixed with pieces in stomach
-increase surface area
chemical -
-enzymes help breakdown food
-large molecules broken down into smaller molecules
-proteins broken down
chyme created for both
liver breaks down alcohol
detoxification
