Past paper June 2019

Question 1

describe how and what damage is done to plants by the peach potato aphid

Answer 1

it sucks sap-there will be yellow/mottling leaves
curled/distorted young growth

produces honeydew

transmits viruses

Question 2

what does the peach potato aphid excrete and what does that do to a plant?

Answer 2

excretes honeydew onto leaves.

This leads to a secondary infection of sooty mould that blocks light from reaching leaf so it cannot photosynthesise efficiently.

Question 3

how does an aphid transmit diseases from plant to plant?

Answer 3

transmits disease through it’s stylet whilst sucking sap

Question 4

name a disease transmitted by an aphid

Answer 4

potato leaf roll virus

Question 5

what are some beneficial organisms that can be encouraged into the garden to help control the peach potato aphid?

Answer 5

blue tits
parasitic wasps
ladybirds
lacewings
Rove beetles

Question 6

how would you encourage blue tits and other birds into a garden?

Answer 6

provide food eg: bird seed and fat balls,

hedges and bird boxes for nesting

Question 7

name a parasitic wasp that feeds on peach potato aphids and what should you do with them to control an infestation?

Answer 7

Ahidus praon.

Place on plants in the evening

Question 8

How do you encourage ladybirds/lacewings into the garden?

Answer 8

provide overwinter shelter

Question 9

name some methods of shelter for ladybirds and other insects in the garden

Answer 9

hollow stems
herbaceous material
crevices in walls
insect hotels

Question 10

what pests cause damage by biting?

Answer 10

vine weevil
deer
rabbit
caterpillars

Question 11

what pests cause damage by rasping?

Answer 11

slug

snail

Question 12

what is meant by the term annual weed?

Answer 12

completes its life cycle in one growing season.

germinates in spring, grows, flowers, sets seed and dies in one growing season

Question 13

what are annual weeds found in recently cultivated soil?

Answer 13

Stellaria media
Poa annua
Veronica persica

Question 14

what are the characteristics of annual weeds found in recently cultivated soil?

Answer 14

shallow fibrous roots

their seed can overwinter in the soil and remain viable for many years

Question 15

four problems caused by perennial weeds in an established lawn are:

Answer 15

compete for light as large rosette shaped leaves block out light required by the grasses

compete for water as large leaves and deep tap roots can absorb water more readily than grasses

harbour pests and diseases

causes an uneven playing surface for sports eg: golf

Aesthetically unattractive as the broad leaves and tall flower heads look unsightly

Question 16

Describe the life cycle of the black bean aphid (research a diagram)

Answer 16

overwinters on host plant as small, black eggs

eggs hatch in spring/april all female and wingless

colonies develop on young leaves/shoots and females produce live young

From May- winged females are produce

Winged females migrate to beans and summer host plants

in autumn, another winged generation of male and female aphids are produced that migrate back to winter host

mating takes place and the eggs are laid in crevices on stems and around buds on the winter host

Question 17

what is a winter host for eggs of the black bean aphid?

Answer 17

Viburnum opulus

Question 18

what is a summer host plant for the black bean aphid?

Answer 18

nasturtium
dahlia
poppies

Question 19

describe the method that the black bean aphids use to breathe

Answer 19

tiny openings in the body wall and use of spiracles allow them to breathe.

the blind ended air filled tubes (tracheae) also disperse oxygen around the aphids body

Question 20

what are physical control methods for black bean aphids?

Answer 20

squashing/rubbing off between finger and thumb

removal of bean shoot tips by pinching out by hand before the aphids can colonise the plant

use a strong jet of water to wash them off the plant-without damaging the plant

Question 21

what are the chemical control methods for the black bean aphids?

Answer 21

the use of fatty acids eg:
pyrethrin
deltamethrin

Question 22

what is meant by plant disease?

Answer 22

an abnormal growth and/or dysfunction of a plant caused by an infectious micro-organism (pathogen),

eg: virus, bacteria, fungi

Question 23

what are the damages caused by honey fungus?

Answer 23

crown of tree can die suddenly

leaves smaller than usual

leaves paler than average

failure to flower

large crop can be produced followed by death of tree

cracking and bleeding of bark at vase of tree

dead/decaying roots

Question 24

what does honey fungus do to the crown of trees in hot weather?

Answer 24

it can suddenly die back during hot/dry weather indicating a failure of the root system

Question 25

how is honey fungus spread?

Answer 25

by rhizomorphs underground

through direct contact of the roots of infected trees with unaffected trees

Question 26

how far can honey fungus spreads via rhizomorphs?

Answer 26

30m in the top 15cm of soil

Question 27

what are methods of control for honey fungus?

Answer 27

plant resistant species

dig out the whole tree including the stump and as much root as possible

dig a trench around the affected tree and line with a butyl rubber sheet as a barrier

Question 28

what are resistant tree species of honey fungus?

Answer 28

Ginkgo biloba

Quercus ilex

Question 29

what are susceptible tree species to honey fungus?

Answer 29

Fagus sylvatica

Question 30

what is the name of the rubber sheeting used to prevent the spread of honey fungus rhizomorphs?

Answer 30

Butyl

Question 31

what is the purpose of a butyl rubber sheet when protecting trees from honey fungus?

Answer 31

by digging a trench around affected trees, you can line it with the rubber sheeting to form a barrier to prevent the growth of rhizomorphs

Question 32

name some reasons for controlling weeds

Answer 32

remove comp. for light, water, nutrients

makes harvesting crops easier

remove host plants for pests/disease

Avoids weeds looking unsightly

Question 33

name a weed in an established shrub border

Answer 33

Aegopodium podagraria

Question 34

what would you treat Aegopodium podagraria with?

Answer 34

Glyphosate

Question 35

what is Glyphosate and where would you use it?

Answer 35

a translocated chemical for a weed in an established border

Question 36

name a weed in a newly cultivated soil

Answer 36

Cardamine hirsuta

Question 37

what would you use to control Cardamine hirsuta?

Answer 37

Fatty acid
Acetic acid
Diquat

Question 38

Fatty acid
Acetic acid
Diquat- what are there modes of action in weed control?

Answer 38

contact

Question 39

name a weed in an established lawn

Answer 39

Ranunculus repens

Question 40

what would you use to treat Ranunculus repens?

Answer 40

2,4-D

or glyphosate in bare ground

Question 41

what mode of action does 2,4-D give?

Answer 41

a selective herbicide

Question 42

how can pesticides disturb the natural balance of plant protection in a garden situation?

Answer 42

beneficial insects/natural predators can be destroyed esp. in middle of day-therefore biological control won’t work

overuse can damage other plants and natural habitats where beneficial insects would overwinter-pest problem could explode if no natural predators

excessive use of certain pesticides may cause resistant strains

Question 43

describe effects of fasciation on plants

Answer 43

distorted stem that is flattened in appearance.

flowers appear distorted with flattened flower heads from the fasciated stem

Question 44

describe the effects of growing an acid-loving plant in an alkaline soil

Answer 44

lime-induced chlorosis as manganese and iron unavailable to plant (interveinal chlorosis)

yellowing of leaves

photosynthesis reduced as Iron needed to make chlorophyll

Hydrangea flowers change from blue in acid soils to pink in alkaline soils

Question 45

what colour is a hydrangea flower in acidic soils?

Answer 45

blue

Question 46

what colour is a hydrangea flower in alkaline soils?

Answer 46

pink

Question 47

describe two methods of avoiding frost damage on plants

Answer 47

take tender plants into a greenhouse/conservatory

wrap large tender plants that cannot be re-located in fleece or cover with bracken/straw to protect their growing tips

don’t plant tender plants in frost pockets or where early morning sun can damage flowers eg Camellias

apply a 75-100mm layer of organic mulch around the base of herbaceous perennials to protect the root zone