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Unit R2103 maintaining plant health > Past paper Feb 2020 > Flashcards

Past paper Feb 2020 Flashcards

1
Q

what is meant by physical control of pests

A

removal of pest, or preventing pest from reaching the plant

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2
Q

examples of physical control of pest are x 5;

A 
placing fine mesh netting over brassicas
copper tape/grit/eggshells/slug pubs
hand picking
rubbing off aphids
rabbit fencing
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3
Q

how can you physically control slugs?

A

put copper tape around pots/edges of greenhouse

put down grit/eggshells

use slug pubs to prevent them accessing plants

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4
Q

what do you do if you hand pick pests off plants?

A

pick them off and place in a bucket of water

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5
Q

how do you physically remove aphids?

A

rub them off and rub between the finger and thumb

or use a strong jet of water

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6
Q

how do you stop rabbits accessing crops?

A

install rabbit fencing

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7
Q

what are two symptoms of damage to plants caused by rabbits?

A

young herbaceous shoots can be grazed to ground

foliage and shoots of woody plants can be grazed up to a height of 50cm by rabbits standing on their hind legs

Bark can be gnawed away from the base of tree trunks in winter when there is less food available which kills the tree if ringbarked

holes and scrapes can be created in lawns and flowerbeds which can kill plants if they are uprooted and lawns can become uneven with bare patches if soil is left on the surface

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8
Q

describe some methods used to control rabbits

A 
fencing
tree guards
repellent
shooting
traps
ferreting
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9
Q

describe rabbit fencing

A

the bottom is buried 30cm below ground level, with the lower 15cm bent outwards to prevent them from tunneling underneath

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10
Q

how are tree guards used to protect them from rabbits?

A

plastic or biodegradable guards/spirals or wire netting used to protect trunks of young trees

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11
Q

how does a repellent work for rabbits?

A

spray on plants.

Contains aluminium ammonium sulphate which has a bitter taste and deters them from eating plants.

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12
Q

if you are to shoot rabbits what must you have?

A

licensed gun and ensure public safety

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13
Q

describe a rabbit trap

A

used to catch or kill

check regularly to ensure humane control

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14
Q

describe ferreting

A

drives rabbits out the burrow into nest placed over entrance of tunnel

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15
Q

Name a resistant plant for potato blight

A

Potato ‘Mira’ ‘Cara’ ‘Valor’

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16
Q

Name a resistant plant for Rose Black Spot

A

Rosa ‘Queen Elizabeth’

Rosa ‘Charisma’

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17
Q

Name a resistant plant for Hollyhock Rust

A

Hollyhock ‘Antwerp Mixed’

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18
Q

Name a resistant plant for Club Root

A

Cabbage ‘Kilaxy’

Cabbage ‘Kilaton’

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19
Q

Name a resistant plant for Carrot Root Fly

A

Carrot ‘Flyaway’

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20
Q

describe two control methods other than growing resistant cultivars for Potato Blight

A

destroy infected material by burying it 45cm deep at least or burn it

Earth up potatoes prior to blight warnings

select early harvested potatoes which are more likely to avoid infection

Access forecast warnings; eg Smith’s Period or Hutton criteria-then plan fungicide applications

cut foliage at sign of infection

ensure no potatoes left in ground which could harbour disease

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21
Q

describe what you should do with potatoes when infection levels reach 25%

A

when approx 25% of leaves are infected or marks appear on stems haulm foliage (cut off) near soil level and remove debris.

when skin on tubers has hardened (approx 2/52 later) lift tubers

22
Q

describe two ways in which the selection of appropriate plants for soil conditions can help prevent plant health problems

A

select plants for correct pH level EG: a calcifuge plant must be grown in acidic soil to prevent lime-induced chlorosis as iron unavailable in calcareous soil

grow cabbages in alkaline soil to avoid club root

select plants for specific soil conditions eg: waterlogged/wet

select crops for specific soils eg: carrots need well drained/sandy soil

23
Q

to avoid club root in cabbages, what soil type should they be grown in?

A

alkaline.

Club root is more prevalant in acidic soil

24
Q

what plant likes wet/waterlogged conditions?

A

Iris pseudacorus

or Iris germanica

25
Q

what growing conditions are best for carrots to avoid stunted/distorted root growth?

A

well drained
sandy
no compaction
no large stones

26
Q

what is a benefit of encouraging ladybirds into the garden?

A

control aphids

27
Q

what is a benefit of encouraging lacewings into the garden?

A

control aphids

28
Q

what is a benefit of encouraging hoverflies into the garden?

A

they are pollinators

29
Q

what is a benefit of encouraging hedgehogs into the garden?

A

eat slugs

30
Q

what is a benefit of encouraging birds into the garden?

A

eat aphids and slugs

31
Q

what is a benefit of encouraging frogs into the garden?

A

eat slugs

32
Q

what practices can you use to restore the balance of natural plant protection in a garden?

A

install bird boxes/feeders to encourage blue tits as eat aphids

install ponds to encourage birds/frogs who eat slugs/aphids

companion planting to reduce use of pesticides

use of barriers/mesh to control cabbage white butterfly laying eggs on crops

establish undisturbed wildlife areas eg: log piles for hedgehogs and frogs to hide in

avoid (C) leaves and debris so there is a habitat for beneficial animals and insects

33
Q

what are the features of perennial weeds that make them successful in a domestic lawn?

A

the weeds have storage organs (tap roots and rhizomes) so they can survive winter.

re-grow from storage organs or produce stolons/runners so good at reproduction.

are low growing/rosette shaped/mat forming so withstand close mowing

34
Q

name weeds found in lawns

A 
Taraxacum officinale
Ranunculus repens
Trifolium repens
Poa annua
Veronica persica
35
Q

Name weeds found in woody perennial plantings

A

Capsella bursa pastoris

Cardamine hirsuta

36
Q

name a herbicide active ingredient to control perennial weeds in lawns

A

2,4-D
Mecoprop
MCPA

37
Q

name three selective. translocated herbicides

A

2,4-D
Mecoprop
MCPA

38
Q

name a herbicide active ingredient to control perennial weeds in woody perennial plantings

A

Glyphosate

39
Q

what is Glyphosate?

A

a non-selective/total translocated herbicide

40
Q

life cycle of the potato cyst eel worm is: (revise a diagram too)

A

cysts can remain in soil for upto 20 years
contain 200-600 eggs

eggs hatch in spring, stimulated by presence of a solanaceous crop or associated weed

worms are 1mm in length

eelworms invade susceptible plants and feed eg:potatoes

females swell up and mate in summer

females burst through the root wall but leave their head in

male eelworms exit root to fertilise female, then die

female bodies swell and develop into cysts which can be seen on surface of roots

cysts fall off back into the soil at harvest in autumn (one life cycle per year in field crops)

41
Q

descibe symptoms of potato cyst eel worm

A

plants display patches of poor/stunted growth

signs of chlorosis from ground upwards

infected plant will display many pin-head sized spherical cysts on roots

eels worms disrupt uptake of water/nutrients

heavily infected plants die prematurely and yield poor crop of under-sized tubers

42
Q

what happens to an area when it is first infected with potato cyst eel worms?

A

only a small part will be infected,

eventually the infected area grows until it’s impossible to grow acceptable potatoes

43
Q

what is the effect on plant growth with a low pH, give a solution

A

yellow leaf spots leading to browning and death

stunted growth

clubroot in brassicas

incorporate lime eg: ground limestone, calcium carbonate, calcified seaweed etc

44
Q

how do you raise a soil pH?

A

add lime

eg: ground limestone
calcium carbinate
calcified seaweed
ground chalk

45
Q

what is the effect on plant growth with a high pH, give a solution

A

iron deficiency symptoms eg: interveinal chlorosis as no Manganese, copper, zinc, boron.

add sulphur or pine needles

46
Q

what are the effects shade has on plant growth?

Give examples of solutions

A

plants become etoliated-thin shoots/long internodes.

stem bends towards light, foliage smaller than normal, flowers/fruit poor.

plant shade tolerant plants eg: Hedera helix
move plants to sunnier position
removed overhanging foliage
thin out seedlings

47
Q

what effects on plant growth does drought have?

A 
reduction in photosynthesis
poor growtgh
leaves wilt
loss of leaves/buds
die back of shoots/whole plant
48
Q

solutions for dealing with drought are;

A

water all new plants in well

mulch new plants with at least 7.5cm depth with leaf mould or gravel

install automated irrigation system eg: lay a flat seep hose down

49
Q

what are the effects of high temps on plant growth?

A

loss of water

scorched areas on leaves

50
Q

what plants are susceptible to sun damage?

A

Acer palmatum

Camellia species develop brown patches on leaves

51
Q

how do you overcome high temp damage to plants?

A

careful selection of plants and positioning

keep vulnerable plants out of direct sunlight

shade tender seedlings in greenhouses

Unit R2103 maintaining plant health (14 decks)

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