Past paper Feb 2020 Flashcards
what is meant by physical control of pests
removal of pest, or preventing pest from reaching the plant
examples of physical control of pest are x 5;
placing fine mesh netting over brassicas copper tape/grit/eggshells/slug pubs hand picking rubbing off aphids rabbit fencing
how can you physically control slugs?
put copper tape around pots/edges of greenhouse
put down grit/eggshells
use slug pubs to prevent them accessing plants
what do you do if you hand pick pests off plants?
pick them off and place in a bucket of water
how do you physically remove aphids?
rub them off and rub between the finger and thumb
or use a strong jet of water
how do you stop rabbits accessing crops?
install rabbit fencing
what are two symptoms of damage to plants caused by rabbits?
young herbaceous shoots can be grazed to ground
foliage and shoots of woody plants can be grazed up to a height of 50cm by rabbits standing on their hind legs
Bark can be gnawed away from the base of tree trunks in winter when there is less food available which kills the tree if ringbarked
holes and scrapes can be created in lawns and flowerbeds which can kill plants if they are uprooted and lawns can become uneven with bare patches if soil is left on the surface
describe some methods used to control rabbits
fencing tree guards repellent shooting traps ferreting
describe rabbit fencing
the bottom is buried 30cm below ground level, with the lower 15cm bent outwards to prevent them from tunneling underneath
how are tree guards used to protect them from rabbits?
plastic or biodegradable guards/spirals or wire netting used to protect trunks of young trees
how does a repellent work for rabbits?
spray on plants.
Contains aluminium ammonium sulphate which has a bitter taste and deters them from eating plants.
if you are to shoot rabbits what must you have?
licensed gun and ensure public safety
describe a rabbit trap
used to catch or kill
check regularly to ensure humane control
describe ferreting
drives rabbits out the burrow into nest placed over entrance of tunnel
Name a resistant plant for potato blight
Potato ‘Mira’ ‘Cara’ ‘Valor’
Name a resistant plant for Rose Black Spot
Rosa ‘Queen Elizabeth’
Rosa ‘Charisma’
Name a resistant plant for Hollyhock Rust
Hollyhock ‘Antwerp Mixed’
Name a resistant plant for Club Root
Cabbage ‘Kilaxy’
Cabbage ‘Kilaton’
Name a resistant plant for Carrot Root Fly
Carrot ‘Flyaway’
describe two control methods other than growing resistant cultivars for Potato Blight
destroy infected material by burying it 45cm deep at least or burn it
Earth up potatoes prior to blight warnings
select early harvested potatoes which are more likely to avoid infection
Access forecast warnings; eg Smith’s Period or Hutton criteria-then plan fungicide applications
cut foliage at sign of infection
ensure no potatoes left in ground which could harbour disease
describe what you should do with potatoes when infection levels reach 25%
when approx 25% of leaves are infected or marks appear on stems haulm foliage (cut off) near soil level and remove debris.
when skin on tubers has hardened (approx 2/52 later) lift tubers
describe two ways in which the selection of appropriate plants for soil conditions can help prevent plant health problems
select plants for correct pH level EG: a calcifuge plant must be grown in acidic soil to prevent lime-induced chlorosis as iron unavailable in calcareous soil
grow cabbages in alkaline soil to avoid club root
select plants for specific soil conditions eg: waterlogged/wet
select crops for specific soils eg: carrots need well drained/sandy soil
to avoid club root in cabbages, what soil type should they be grown in?
alkaline.
Club root is more prevalant in acidic soil
what plant likes wet/waterlogged conditions?
Iris pseudacorus
or Iris germanica
what growing conditions are best for carrots to avoid stunted/distorted root growth?
well drained
sandy
no compaction
no large stones
what is a benefit of encouraging ladybirds into the garden?
control aphids
what is a benefit of encouraging lacewings into the garden?
control aphids
what is a benefit of encouraging hoverflies into the garden?
they are pollinators
what is a benefit of encouraging hedgehogs into the garden?
eat slugs
what is a benefit of encouraging birds into the garden?
eat aphids and slugs
what is a benefit of encouraging frogs into the garden?
eat slugs
what practices can you use to restore the balance of natural plant protection in a garden?
install bird boxes/feeders to encourage blue tits as eat aphids
install ponds to encourage birds/frogs who eat slugs/aphids
companion planting to reduce use of pesticides
use of barriers/mesh to control cabbage white butterfly laying eggs on crops
establish undisturbed wildlife areas eg: log piles for hedgehogs and frogs to hide in
avoid (C) leaves and debris so there is a habitat for beneficial animals and insects
what are the features of perennial weeds that make them successful in a domestic lawn?
the weeds have storage organs (tap roots and rhizomes) so they can survive winter.
re-grow from storage organs or produce stolons/runners so good at reproduction.
are low growing/rosette shaped/mat forming so withstand close mowing
name weeds found in lawns
Taraxacum officinale Ranunculus repens Trifolium repens Poa annua Veronica persica
Name weeds found in woody perennial plantings
Capsella bursa pastoris
Cardamine hirsuta
name a herbicide active ingredient to control perennial weeds in lawns
2,4-D
Mecoprop
MCPA
name three selective. translocated herbicides
2,4-D
Mecoprop
MCPA
name a herbicide active ingredient to control perennial weeds in woody perennial plantings
Glyphosate
what is Glyphosate?
a non-selective/total translocated herbicide
life cycle of the potato cyst eel worm is: (revise a diagram too)
cysts can remain in soil for upto 20 years
contain 200-600 eggs
eggs hatch in spring, stimulated by presence of a solanaceous crop or associated weed
worms are 1mm in length
eelworms invade susceptible plants and feed eg:potatoes
females swell up and mate in summer
females burst through the root wall but leave their head in
male eelworms exit root to fertilise female, then die
female bodies swell and develop into cysts which can be seen on surface of roots
cysts fall off back into the soil at harvest in autumn (one life cycle per year in field crops)
descibe symptoms of potato cyst eel worm
plants display patches of poor/stunted growth
signs of chlorosis from ground upwards
infected plant will display many pin-head sized spherical cysts on roots
eels worms disrupt uptake of water/nutrients
heavily infected plants die prematurely and yield poor crop of under-sized tubers
what happens to an area when it is first infected with potato cyst eel worms?
only a small part will be infected,
eventually the infected area grows until it’s impossible to grow acceptable potatoes
what is the effect on plant growth with a low pH, give a solution
yellow leaf spots leading to browning and death
stunted growth
clubroot in brassicas
incorporate lime eg: ground limestone, calcium carbonate, calcified seaweed etc
how do you raise a soil pH?
add lime
eg: ground limestone
calcium carbinate
calcified seaweed
ground chalk
what is the effect on plant growth with a high pH, give a solution
iron deficiency symptoms eg: interveinal chlorosis as no Manganese, copper, zinc, boron.
add sulphur or pine needles
what are the effects shade has on plant growth?
Give examples of solutions
plants become etoliated-thin shoots/long internodes.
stem bends towards light, foliage smaller than normal, flowers/fruit poor.
plant shade tolerant plants eg: Hedera helix
move plants to sunnier position
removed overhanging foliage
thin out seedlings
what effects on plant growth does drought have?
reduction in photosynthesis poor growtgh leaves wilt loss of leaves/buds die back of shoots/whole plant
solutions for dealing with drought are;
water all new plants in well
mulch new plants with at least 7.5cm depth with leaf mould or gravel
install automated irrigation system eg: lay a flat seep hose down
what are the effects of high temps on plant growth?
loss of water
scorched areas on leaves
what plants are susceptible to sun damage?
Acer palmatum
Camellia species develop brown patches on leaves
how do you overcome high temp damage to plants?
careful selection of plants and positioning
keep vulnerable plants out of direct sunlight
shade tender seedlings in greenhouses
