past exam questions Flashcards
Name 2 monocot plants
Narcissus pseudonarcissus (daffodil) Tulipa (tulip)
Name 2 dicot plants
Alchemilla mollis
Viola odorata
Pelargonium (geranium)
One difference between monocot and dicot flowers
monocot: flowers multiples of 3, and have tepals
dicot: flowers multiples of 4 or 5, have distinct petals and sepals
One difference between monocot and dicot leaves
monocot leaves: smooth margins, blade like, paralell
venation, no petiole, stomata on both surfaces
dicots: range of margins-serrate/wavy
numerous shapes: palmate, ovate, broadleaved
various venation-reticulate veins
have petioles
more stomata on underside
differences between monocot and dicot roots are?
Monocots: fibrous root system thats adventitious (polyarch) = many arms.
scattered vascular bundles
Dicots: central tap root from radicle of seed with laterals branching out.
star shaped vascular bundles, ringed around cambium
No pith
what is osmosis?
movement of water from high to a low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.
what is diffusion?
movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to a low concentration
EG: loss of water vapour from leaves in transpiration
four functions of water in a plant are:
essential for triggering germination
used in photosynthesis
supports herbaceous plants
controls opening/closing of stomata
differences between woody and herbaceous stems are
woody stems undergo secondary thickening
woody stems develop bark (cork cambium)
herbaceous stems retain an epidermis
herbaceous stems have xylem and phloem arranged in a ring of vascular bundles
Name a woody plant
Quercus robur (common oak) or Betula pendula (silver Birch)
Name a herbaceous plant
Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)
what is the term described for the storage of starch over winter for new plant growth in the spring?
perennation
name some plant adaptions for the storage of starch
bulb (has swollen leaf scales) corm (a stem) swollen tap root (a root) rhizome (a stem) Tuber
named example for a bulb
Narcissus pseud-on-arc-issus
named example of a corm
crocus tommas-in-ianus
named example of a swollen tap root
carrot (daucus carota)
named example of a rhizome (stem)
Iris lae-vigata
named example of a tuber that is a ROOT
Dahlia “Bishop of Llandaff”
named example of a tuber that is a STEM
potato (solanum tuberosum)
where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?
chloroplast
state the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis
it absorbs the light of red/blue wavelengths which is used in photosynthesis
describe how availability of mineral nutrients affect the rate of photosynthesis
lack of nutrients reduces the rate of process and causes chlorosis.
too high amount still reduces rate due to plasmolysis of cells
describe how temperature affects rate of photosynthesis
if optimum temp (15-35’c) rate is increased.
wilting at a high temp reduces rate as less light intercepted.
Stomata close at high temp to reduce water loss
Stomata close at high temp so carbon dioxide not taken in therefore photosynthesis doesn’t take place
what is the difference between a fruit and a seed?
a seed is an ovule
a fruit is the ovary
the seed contains the embryo
the fruit contains the seed
describe two mechanisms by which seeds are dispersed by wind
blade/wing: "helicopter" action parachutes that are feathery censer mechanisms (wind shakes pedicle)
plant name of a blade/wing seed that is dispersed
Acer palmatum- it spins like a helicopter
plant name of a parachute seed that is dispersed
Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) feathery parachutes with light seeds
plant name of a censer seed that is dispersed
Papaver (poppy)
wind shakes the pedicle and seeds are dispersed through pores in the fruit.
name two seeds dispersal’s other than wind
animal attachment-sticks to them eg: goosegarth
birds eat seeds(ingestion) sunflowers
hoarding-squirrels and nuts
water-lily (Nymphae) or a coconut
self-explosive mechanisms- geraniums aka Pelargoniums
what is meant by the term plant tissue?
a group of cells performing a specific function
two characteristics of the epidermis are?
transparent
no chloroplasts
waxy cuticle
can have guard cells, hairs or root hairs
two functions of epidermis are?
prevent loss of water and gas through stomata
protection from pest/disease/physical damage
defence-stinging hairs
increase in water up-take (root hairs)
characteristics of parenchyma are?
made up of rounded cells
air spaces between them, thin cell walls and large vacuoles
functions of parenchyma are?
a packing tissue.
support plant through turgor
starch storage, photosynthesis or buoyancy in aquatic plants
if drawing a monocotyledonous plant, what would the key feature be to distinguish it from a dicto plant?
it would have no sepals, only tepals which are indistinguishable from the petals.
eg: Tulipa
what are the main components of a monocotyledonous flower?
tepals anther filament stigma style ovule ovary receptacle pedicle nectary
what is the function of the tepal?
attract pollinators and protect internal structures
what is the function of the stigma?
receives pollen
what does the style do?
holds the stigma in the best position to receive pollen
what does the ovary contain and what does it become after fertilisation?
contains ovules, and becomes the fruit
what does the ovule contain?
the female gamete (ovum)
and embryo after fertilisation-it becomes the seed
what does the anther contain?
pollen (male gamete)
what is the filaments purpose?
to hold the anther in it’s best position for pollen dispersal
what is the role of the receptacle?
attach the flower parts
what does the pedicle do?
(it’s the stem) holds the flower in position for pollination and seed dispersal.
what is the purpose of the nectaries?
produce nectar to attract pollinators into the flower.
state using words, the basic equation for aerobic respiration
oxygen and glucose combine to form carbon dioxide, water and energy
how does the rate of aerobic respiration affect the length of time that the seeds can be stored?
increasing the rate of respiration decreases the length of time that seeds can be stored
what are the environmental factors that can be controlled to extend the length of time seeds can be stored
temperature: reducing temps reduces respiration rate
reduce oxygen or carbon dioxide levels available
reduce humidity
what is the best temp for storing seeds and to slow down respiration?
5’c in the fridge
where should seeds be stored to reduce respiration rate?
in vacuum sealed packages or sealed containers
what can you add to seed storage containers to decrease respiration rate?
carbon dioxide or nitrogen
what are the best storage options for seeds?
dry atmosphere-not humid.
dry seeds out first, and put in sealed containers with silica gel
UNLESS ITS AN ORTHODOX SEED-need higher moisture content
what it the difference between a tap root and a lateral root?
tap root is single root that arise from the radicle.
lateral roots branch out from tap root and are secondary roots from pericycle
root features: what is the zone of differentiation?
cells become their final forms and specialised
eg; xylem, root hairs, epidermis
what is the pericycle?
outer layer of steele
becomes meristematic and produces lateral roots
xylem and phloem surround it
what are the root hairs and what do they do?
single, long epidermal cells.
increase surface area of water/mineral uptake
what is the root cap?
covers root tip/apex
protects root tip as grows through soil
produces lubricant to aid passage through soil as cells constntly worm away and replaces
part of epidermis
site of roots’ gravity sensing mechanism
