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R2101 past paper > past exam questions > Flashcards

past exam questions Flashcards

1
Q

Name 2 monocot plants

A 
Narcissus pseudonarcissus (daffodil)
Tulipa (tulip)
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2
Q

Name 2 dicot plants

A

Alchemilla mollis
Viola odorata
Pelargonium (geranium)

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3
Q

One difference between monocot and dicot flowers

A

monocot: flowers multiples of 3, and have tepals
dicot: flowers multiples of 4 or 5, have distinct petals and sepals

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4
Q

One difference between monocot and dicot leaves

A

monocot leaves: smooth margins, blade like, paralell
venation, no petiole, stomata on both surfaces

dicots: range of margins-serrate/wavy

numerous shapes: palmate, ovate, broadleaved

various venation-reticulate veins
have petioles
more stomata on underside

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5
Q

differences between monocot and dicot roots are?

A

Monocots: fibrous root system thats adventitious (polyarch) = many arms.
scattered vascular bundles

Dicots: central tap root from radicle of seed with laterals branching out.
star shaped vascular bundles, ringed around cambium
No pith

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6
Q

what is osmosis?

A

movement of water from high to a low water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane.

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7
Q

what is diffusion?

A

movement of water molecules from an area of high water concentration to a low concentration

EG: loss of water vapour from leaves in transpiration

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8
Q

four functions of water in a plant are:

A

essential for triggering germination
used in photosynthesis
supports herbaceous plants
controls opening/closing of stomata

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9
Q

differences between woody and herbaceous stems are

A

woody stems undergo secondary thickening
woody stems develop bark (cork cambium)

herbaceous stems retain an epidermis

herbaceous stems have xylem and phloem arranged in a ring of vascular bundles

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10
Q

Name a woody plant

A 
Quercus robur (common oak)
or Betula pendula (silver Birch)
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11
Q

Name a herbaceous plant

A

Digitalis purpurea (foxglove)

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12
Q

what is the term described for the storage of starch over winter for new plant growth in the spring?

A

perennation

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13
Q

name some plant adaptions for the storage of starch

A 
bulb (has swollen leaf scales)
corm (a stem)
swollen tap root (a root)
rhizome (a stem)
Tuber
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14
Q

named example for a bulb

A

Narcissus pseud-on-arc-issus

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15
Q

named example of a corm

A

crocus tommas-in-ianus

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16
Q

named example of a swollen tap root

A

carrot (daucus carota)

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17
Q

named example of a rhizome (stem)

A

Iris lae-vigata

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18
Q

named example of a tuber that is a ROOT

A

Dahlia “Bishop of Llandaff”

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19
Q

named example of a tuber that is a STEM

A

potato (solanum tuberosum)

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20
Q

where does photosynthesis take place in a plant cell?

A

chloroplast

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21
Q

state the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis

A

it absorbs the light of red/blue wavelengths which is used in photosynthesis

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22
Q

describe how availability of mineral nutrients affect the rate of photosynthesis

A

lack of nutrients reduces the rate of process and causes chlorosis.

too high amount still reduces rate due to plasmolysis of cells

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23
Q

describe how temperature affects rate of photosynthesis

A

if optimum temp (15-35’c) rate is increased.

wilting at a high temp reduces rate as less light intercepted.
Stomata close at high temp to reduce water loss
Stomata close at high temp so carbon dioxide not taken in therefore photosynthesis doesn’t take place

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24
Q

what is the difference between a fruit and a seed?

A

a seed is an ovule
a fruit is the ovary

the seed contains the embryo
the fruit contains the seed

25
Q

describe two mechanisms by which seeds are dispersed by wind

A 
blade/wing: "helicopter" action
parachutes that are feathery
censer mechanisms (wind shakes pedicle)
26
Q

plant name of a blade/wing seed that is dispersed

A

Acer palmatum- it spins like a helicopter

27
Q

plant name of a parachute seed that is dispersed

A 
Taraxacum officinale (dandelion) 
feathery parachutes with light seeds
28
Q

plant name of a censer seed that is dispersed

A

Papaver (poppy)

wind shakes the pedicle and seeds are dispersed through pores in the fruit.

29
Q

name two seeds dispersal’s other than wind

A

animal attachment-sticks to them eg: goosegarth

birds eat seeds(ingestion) sunflowers

hoarding-squirrels and nuts

water-lily (Nymphae) or a coconut

self-explosive mechanisms- geraniums aka Pelargoniums

30
Q

what is meant by the term plant tissue?

A

a group of cells performing a specific function

31
Q

two characteristics of the epidermis are?

A

transparent
no chloroplasts
waxy cuticle
can have guard cells, hairs or root hairs

32
Q

two functions of epidermis are?

A

prevent loss of water and gas through stomata

protection from pest/disease/physical damage

defence-stinging hairs

increase in water up-take (root hairs)

33
Q

characteristics of parenchyma are?

A

made up of rounded cells

air spaces between them, thin cell walls and large vacuoles

34
Q

functions of parenchyma are?

A

a packing tissue.
support plant through turgor
starch storage, photosynthesis or buoyancy in aquatic plants

35
Q

if drawing a monocotyledonous plant, what would the key feature be to distinguish it from a dicto plant?

A

it would have no sepals, only tepals which are indistinguishable from the petals.

eg: Tulipa

36
Q

what are the main components of a monocotyledonous flower?

A 
tepals
anther
filament
stigma
style
ovule
ovary
receptacle
pedicle
nectary
37
Q

what is the function of the tepal?

A

attract pollinators and protect internal structures

38
Q

what is the function of the stigma?

A

receives pollen

39
Q

what does the style do?

A

holds the stigma in the best position to receive pollen

40
Q

what does the ovary contain and what does it become after fertilisation?

A

contains ovules, and becomes the fruit

41
Q

what does the ovule contain?

A

the female gamete (ovum)

and embryo after fertilisation-it becomes the seed

42
Q

what does the anther contain?

A

pollen (male gamete)

43
Q

what is the filaments purpose?

A

to hold the anther in it’s best position for pollen dispersal

44
Q

what is the role of the receptacle?

A

attach the flower parts

45
Q

what does the pedicle do?

A

(it’s the stem) holds the flower in position for pollination and seed dispersal.

46
Q

what is the purpose of the nectaries?

A

produce nectar to attract pollinators into the flower.

47
Q

state using words, the basic equation for aerobic respiration

A

oxygen and glucose combine to form carbon dioxide, water and energy

48
Q

how does the rate of aerobic respiration affect the length of time that the seeds can be stored?

A

increasing the rate of respiration decreases the length of time that seeds can be stored

49
Q

what are the environmental factors that can be controlled to extend the length of time seeds can be stored

A

temperature: reducing temps reduces respiration rate

reduce oxygen or carbon dioxide levels available

reduce humidity

50
Q

what is the best temp for storing seeds and to slow down respiration?

A

5’c in the fridge

51
Q

where should seeds be stored to reduce respiration rate?

A

in vacuum sealed packages or sealed containers

52
Q

what can you add to seed storage containers to decrease respiration rate?

A

carbon dioxide or nitrogen

53
Q

what are the best storage options for seeds?

A

dry atmosphere-not humid.
dry seeds out first, and put in sealed containers with silica gel
UNLESS ITS AN ORTHODOX SEED-need higher moisture content

54
Q

what it the difference between a tap root and a lateral root?

A

tap root is single root that arise from the radicle.

lateral roots branch out from tap root and are secondary roots from pericycle

55
Q

root features: what is the zone of differentiation?

A

cells become their final forms and specialised

eg; xylem, root hairs, epidermis

56
Q

what is the pericycle?

A

outer layer of steele
becomes meristematic and produces lateral roots
xylem and phloem surround it

57
Q

what are the root hairs and what do they do?

A

single, long epidermal cells.

increase surface area of water/mineral uptake

58
Q

what is the root cap?

A

covers root tip/apex

protects root tip as grows through soil

produces lubricant to aid passage through soil as cells constntly worm away and replaces

part of epidermis

site of roots’ gravity sensing mechanism

R2101 past paper (4 decks)

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