general knowledge Unit R2101 revision questions

Question 1

what is meant by hybrid?

Answer 1

humans crossing plants to create a new one (cultivated variety)

Question 2

how would you write the name of a hybrid plant?

Answer 2

“X” goes in between the generic and specific name

eg: Mahonia x media

Question 3

what have been bred if you get an “interspecific” hybrid?

Answer 3

two different species

Question 4

how are a monocots vascular bundles arranged?

Answer 4

scattered

Question 5

key points of a monocots vascular bundle are:

Answer 5

stem supports the plant
they move water and nutrients all around plant
contain tissue to help plant grow
xylem transports water
phloem transports starch (sugars) carbs
No cambium present (no secondary thickening)

Question 6

key points of a dicot vascular bundle are:

Answer 6

vascular bundles arranged around a ring of cambium
cambium cells divide to expand girth of stem
xylem located inside the cambium ring
phloem located to exterior of cambium ring
pith is in the centre of stem (ground tissue)

Question 7

what are plant families made up of?

Answer 7

groups of related genera

Question 8

give examples of plant groups related to the rosaceae family (rose)

Answer 8

flowering cherries (Prunus)
Apples (Malus)
Peary (Pyrus)
strawberries
raspberries

Question 9

what is a pteridophyta?

Answer 9

simple spore bearing plant eg: ferns, mosses, fungi, lichens

Question 10

what is a spermatophyta?

Answer 10

seed bearing plants eg: flowers, pollen, fruits, cones

Question 11

define seed arrangement on a gymnosperm

Answer 11

ovules on a naked branch (open seeds) not enclosed in a fruit.
eg: conifers-yew (Taxas baccata)

Question 12

define seed arrangement on an angiosperm

Answer 12

ovules enclosed in ovaries.

eg: trees, shrubs, flowers

Question 13

how is a clone propagated?

Answer 13

by cuttings, layering, grafting

NEVER BY SEED

Question 14

if you clone a plant, will it be an identical copy?

Answer 14

yes

Question 15

what are the three methods of cultivating a plant?

Answer 15

hybridisation-crossing a different species or genera
graft hybrid
natural mutation

Question 16

examples of a tender perennial

Answer 16

Gazinia varieties

Dahlia pinnata “Bishop of Llandaff”

Question 17

define tender perennial

Answer 17

from tropical/mediterranean climates

cant handle the frost

bring inside/wrap in fleece/store in dark, dry place

Question 18

examples of biennials:

Answer 18

Digitalis purepurea (Foxglove)
Dianthus barbatus (Sweet William)
Lunaria annua (Honesty)
Dipsacus fullonum (Teasel)
Erysium cheirii (wallflower)

Question 19

examples of ephemerals

Answer 19

Arabidopsis thaliana “mouse-ear cress”
Cardamine hirsuite “bittercress”
Capsella bursapastoris “Shepherds Purse”

Question 20

examples of hardy annuals:

Answer 20

Lathyrus odoratus (Sweet pea)
Centaurea cyanus (cornflower)
Limnanthes douglasii (poached-egg plant)

Question 21

examples of half hardy annuals:

Answer 21

Salvia farinacea- blue salvia
Tagetes errecta- African marigold
Nicotiana alata- Sweet Tobacco
Lobelia erinus- blue dwarf lobelia

Question 22

herbaceous perennial examples:

Answer 22

Rudbeckia fulgida “Goldsturm”
Hemerocallis fulva variety “Kwansu” day lily
Lupinus varieties

Question 23

woody perennial examples

Answer 23

rhododendron

camellia sinens

Question 24

what is the purpose of a guard cell?

Answer 24

control shape of stomata:

to allow carbon dioxide in
let water vapour out
let oxygen out

Question 25

where are stomata located in coastal grasses and why?

name an example

Answer 25

they are located in deep pits to give extra protection from winds and desiccation

eg: Marram grass

Question 26

what is the process called by which plants increase in size?

Answer 26

mitosis

Question 27

describe the process of mitosis

Answer 27

nucleus divides in 2

chromosomes duplicate and move to opposite ends of nucleus

once at opposite ends, 2 new nuclear membranes form

cell cytoplasm divides and new cell walls form

Question 28

where does mitosis occur in a plant?

Answer 28

tips of roots and shoots (meristems)

Question 29

equation in words of photosynthesis is:

Answer 29

carbon dioxide + water in presence of chlorophyll + SUN + sugar and oxygen

Question 30

what are the two primary groups fruits are divided into?

Answer 30

fleshy and dry

Question 31

what is and what happens to a dehiscent fruit?

Answer 31

it is a dry fruit and it splits open to release the seed eg: Sweet pea

Question 32

what is an indehiscent fruit and what happens to it?

Answer 32

a dry fruit ad the fruit coat is broken down to release the seed
eg: Nut (Acorn)

Question 33

define achenes

Answer 33

a single seeded fruit, the seed coat is not part of the fruit coat

Question 34

define a nut

Answer 34

a one seeded dry fruit with a hard, stony pericarp
eg:the hazelnut

corylus avellana

Question 35

what is the pericarp?

Answer 35

hard and stony,

Part of the fruit that formed from the wall of the ripened ovary.

Question 36

what is a samara?

Answer 36

a winged like structure, (Helicopter)

eg: Acer palmatum

Question 37

fleshy fruits can be subdivided into two groups: name them.

Answer 37

pomes- apples and pears

Drupes: Cherries, Almonds, Plums

Question 38

describe a pome

Answer 38

apple
fleshy, enlarged receptacle
tough central core containing the seeds

Question 39

describe a drupe

Answer 39

fleshy fruit
thin skin
central stone containing seed
eg: plum