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endocrinology > passmed qs > Flashcards

passmed qs Flashcards

1
Q

what can stimulate the release of insulin

A

Glucose
Amino acid
Vagal cholinergic
Secretin/Gastrin/CCK
Fatty acids
Beta adrenergic drugs

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2
Q

describe the relationship between somatostatin and glucagon

A

somatostatin decreases the secretion of glucagon

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3
Q

Catecholamine hormones are derived from….

A

tyrosine

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4
Q

how does pth affect phosphates

A

PTH causes a decrease in renal phosphate reabsorption

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5
Q

what does secretin do

A

causes secretion of water and electrolytes

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6
Q

what is the main function of aldosterone

A

Aldosterone causes reabsorption of sodium and water as well as causing excretion of potassium. This results in an increase in blood volume.

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7
Q

which is a more sensitive measure of thyroid function

TSH, T3,T4

A

TSH- if it is high or low it will give you an indicator that t3 or t4 are not appropiate

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8
Q

In males which hormone stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen binding globulin (ABG)?

A

FSH

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9
Q

best description of a toxic thyroid adenoma?

A

A benign tumour of the thyroid gland which produces excessive amounts of thyroid hormones. These arise from the follicular cells of the thyroid.

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10
Q

if a gym goer was to inject growth hormone what would this most likely cause and why

A

increased risk of DM
mobilises glucose from fat stores (to build muscle), thus increasing its concentration in the blood

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11
Q

Apart from prolactin releasing hormone which other hypothalamic hormone can increase the secretion of prolactin?

A

thyrotropin releasing hormone

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12
Q

what cells make up 50% of the cells in the anterior pituitary gland

A

somatotrophs

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13
Q

what is ocreotide

A

a somatostatin analogue

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14
Q

fluid retention is caused commonly by what what 4 things

A

corticosteroids
pioglitazone
hydralazine
ciclosporin

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15
Q

common presentation of thryotoxicsos

A

restlessness

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16
Q

what three things increase lipolysis

A

cortisol
glucagon
growth hormone

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17
Q

Most common cause of thyrotoxicosis in the developed world:

A

graves

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18
Q

hypercalcaemia is present in what issues and disorders

A

Addison’s disease
thiazides
dehydration
primary hyperparathyroidism
thyrotoxicosis
bone metastases
acromegaly
vitamin D intoxication
myeloma
squamous cell lung cancer
sarcoidosis
milk-alkali syndrome

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18
Q

hypercalcaemia is present in what issues and disorders

A

Addison’s disease
thiazides
dehydration
primary hyperparathyroidism
thyrotoxicosis
bone metastases
acromegaly
vitamin D intoxication
myeloma
squamous cell lung cancer
sarcoidosis
milk-alkali syndrome

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19
Q

Side effects of SLGT2

A

urinary tract infection as they cause more glucose to be excreted rather than reabsorbed

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20
Q

DO SLGT2 cause weight loss or weight gain

A

weight loss

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21
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors work by ?

A

Works by blocking inactivation of incretin, increasing levels which inhibit glucagon secretion

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22
Q

side effects of thiazolidinediones

A

fluid retention and weight gai

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23
Q

What diabetes medications cause weight gain

A

Thiazolidiones
Insulin
Sulfonylurea

24
Q

What best describes the mechanism of action of exenatide?

A

glucagon - like peptide 1 mimetic

25
Q

Thiazolidinediones work by

A

Activating PPAR gamma receptor in adipocytes to promote adipogenesis and fatty acid uptake

26
Q

What organism is responsible for diabetic foot ulcers

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa

27
Q

clinical features that will suggest a diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy

A

sensory loss in a stocking distribution

28
Q

‘He also reports feeling full after eating only a small amount of food and has offensive burps that smell like eggs’

What is this complication and its background

A

gastroparesis

  • autonomic dysfunction of the vagus nerve leading to delayed gastric emptying
29
Q

mechanism of sitagliptin

A

decrease glp-1 breakdown

30
Q

a known disadvantage of of breast milk

A

inadequate levels of vit K

31
Q

Where does glucagon like peptide 1 released from

A

ileum

32
Q

Which is the primary ketone body involved in diabetic ketoacidosis?

A

Acetoacetate

33
Q

What is waterhouse freidrechsen syndrome

A

describes adrenal gland failure secondary to a previous adrenal haemorrhage that was caused by a severe bacterial infection

34
Q

Diabetic ketosis

A

Hyperglycaemia and raised ketones in the abscence of acidosis

Ie if ph was normal

35
Q

What bacteria caused diabetic foot ulcers

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

36
Q

Patient with t2dm and cardio problems should have what as next line after metformin

A

Sglt2 inhibitor
Empaglaflozin

37
Q

Non Proliferative diabetic retinopathy features

A

Cotton wool spots
Dot blot
Venous beading

38
Q

Proloferative diabetic retinopathy features

A

Neovascularsarion

39
Q

what meds can cause hyperkalaemia

A
  • trimethoprin
  • ramipril
  • ibuprofen
40
Q

what electrolyte changes occur in refeeding syndrome

A

hypokaelaemia, hypophosphataemia, hypomagnesemia

41
Q

bullimia nervosa is associated with what electrolyte imbalances

A
  • metabolic alkalosis
  • hypokalemia
  • hypochloroaemia
42
Q

What can soft tissue swelling in the nasal area of a patient with acromegaly cause ?

A

obstructive sleep apnea

43
Q

octeoride is an example of ..?

A

somatostatin analogu

44
Q

first line investigation for addisons

A

morning serum cortisol
9am cortisol test

45
Q

what is waterhouse friderichsen syndrome

A

adrenal gland failure due to bleeding into the adrenal gland

  • caused by severe meningococcal infection
46
Q

what drugs can cause SIADH

A
  • sulfonylureas
  • SSRI’s
  • carbamaepine
  • vincristine
  • cyclophosphoamide
47
Q

what can reduce responsiveness of the collecting tubules to adh

A

democlocycline

48
Q

orphan annie eyes and psammoma bodies are indicative of ?

A

papillary thyroid cancer

49
Q

side effect of carbimazole?

A

agranulocytosis which can lead to neutropenia and severe sepsis

a sore throat is an early sign of this

50
Q

side effect of levothyroxine

A

osteoporosis
cardiac arrythmias

51
Q

mild side effects of carbimazole

A

rash
pruritus

52
Q

mechanism of action of thyroid peroxidase

A

inhibits thyroid peroxidase enzyme

53
Q

first line treatment for patients with MODY

A

Sulfonylureas- gliclazide to help increase insulin secretion

it shuts potassium channels

54
Q

first sign of male puberty is ..?

A

testicular growth

55
Q

tumor marker used for thyroid cancer to check reoccurence

A

calcitonin

56
Q

causes of gynaecomastia

A
  • physiological : normal in puberty
  • kallmans, kleinfelters
  • testicular failure
  • liver disease
    -hyperthyroidism
  • haemodialysis
57
Q

what drugs can cause gynaecomastia

A
  • spironolactone
  • digoxin
  • finasteride
  • oestrogens
  • goserelins

endocrinology (6 decks)

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