Passmed Opthal

Question 1

What happens in retinal detachment sx

Answer 1

Dense shadow starts peripheral
-> progresses to central vision

[veil / curtain over field of vision
Also get flashers / floaters etc.]

Question 2

What happens in vitreous detachment sx

Answer 2

Flashes of light in peripheral vision

floaters

Question 3

What happens in vitreous haemorrhage with large/mod/small bleeds

Answer 3

large bleeds - sudden visual loss

Moderate bleeds - numerous dark spots

small bleeds - floaters

Question 4

Name 3 causes of painless sudden visual loss

Answer 4

ischaemic optic neuropathy (e.g. temporal arteritis or atherosclerosis)
occlusion of central retinal vein
occlusion of central retinal artery
vitreous haemorrhage
retinal detachment

Question 5

Key sign on fundoscopy for retinal vein occlusion

Answer 5

severe haemorrhages

[sudden painless loss of vision]

Question 6

2 signs of central retinal artery occlusion

Answer 6

Afferent pupillary defect

cherry spot on pale retina

Question 7

1st line mx for stye

Answer 7

regular warm steaming / soaking

Question 8

Pancoast presentation

Answer 8

Horners + shoulder /arm pain

Question 9

2 main Ix for macular degeneration

Answer 9

slit lamp

then fluorescein angiography

Question 10

q states night blindness and tunnel vision ? probs gonna be….

Answer 10

retinitis pigmentosa

Question 11

small, fixed oval pupil, ciliary flush?

Answer 11

uveitis

Question 12

entropion:
ectropion:

Answer 12

entropion: in-turning of the eyelids
ectropion: out-turning of the eyelids

Question 13

red eye
Not painful
watering and photophobia

Answer 13

episcleritis

classically not painful (in comparison to scleritis)

Question 14

Argyll-Robertson pupil features ?

cause?

Answer 14

small, irregular pupils
no response to light but there is a response to accommodate

syphilis / Diabetes

[the prostitute’s pupil - accommodates but doesn’t react]

Question 15

Holmes-Adie pupil

Main features

Answer 15

80% unilateral

dilated pupil - when constricts takes a long time to get big again

Loss of ankle/knee reflexes

Question 16

Persistent watery eye in infant? mx?

Answer 16

nasolacrimal duct obstruction

massage lacrimal duct

Question 17

bilat small pupils which only partially dilate with atropine most common cause?

Answer 17

Neurosyphilis

[Argyll-Robertson pupil]

Question 18

Periorbital vs orbital cellulitis

Answer 18

Peri - Absence of painful movements, diplopia and visual impairment

Question 19

3 Papilloedema features

Answer 19

Venous engorgement
blurring of the optic disc margin
elevation of optic disc
loss of the optic cup

Question 20

3 causes pailloedema

Answer 20

space-occupying lesion: neoplastic, vascular
malignant hypertension
idiopathic intracranial hypertension
hydrocephalus
hypercapnia

Question 21

name 2 SEs of prostaglandin analouges Eg latanoprost

Answer 21

increased eyelash length, iris pigmentation and periocular pigmentation

Question 22

1st line in open glaucoma

Answer 22

prostaglandin analogue (PGA) eyedrop
second line: beta-blocker, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor,

Question 23

Se of cataracts

Answer 23

gradual onset of:
Reduced vision
Faded colour vision: making it more difficult to distinguish different colours
Glare: lights appear brighter than usual
Halos around lights

Question 24

Pale retina on fundoscopy =

Answer 24

Central retinal artery occlusion

Question 25

firm painless lump in the eyelid

Answer 25

chalazion or Meibomian cyst

[same ting diff names]