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Sarah Paeds > PassMed/Capsule > Flashcards

PassMed/Capsule Flashcards

1
Q

What is a positive Prehn’s sign? Condition with positive Prehn’s

A

Relief of scrotal pain when scrotum is lifted

- Epididymitis

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2
Q

Triad of features shaken baby syndrome

A

Retinal haemorrhages
Encephalopathy
Subdural haematoma

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3
Q

Which test is used in the newborn hearing screening programme?
What test is used if this is abnormal?

A

Otoacoustic emission test

If abnormal: brainstem response test

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4
Q

Which gene is affected in achondroplasia?

A

FGFR-3 (abnormal cartilage)

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5
Q

Features of achondroplasia

A

Short limbs and short fingers
Flattened nasal bridge
Trident hands
Large head with small foramen magnum

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6
Q

EEG findings West syndrome

A

Hypsarrhythmia

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7
Q

Types of spasm in West syndrome

A

Salaam attacks - flexion of head, neck and trunk followed by extension of arms

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8
Q

Children to what type of mothers are at a higher risk of transposition of the great arteries?

A

Diabetic

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9
Q

Is Hirschsprung’s disease more common in males or females?

A

Males

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10
Q

Initial management of Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Bowel washout/irrigation

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11
Q

Definitive management of Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Anorectal pull through

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12
Q

Diagnosis of Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Full thickness bowel biopsy

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13
Q

Is hypotension an early or late sign of shock?

A

Late

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14
Q

Average age on onset retinoblastoma

A

18 months

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15
Q

Ix for vesicuoureteric reflux

A

Micturiating cystourethrogram

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16
Q

Ix for renal scarring

A

DMSA

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17
Q

Features of growing pains

A 
Never present after waking 
Intermittent 
Often bilateral 
No limp
Systemically well 
No limitation to functional activity 
Worse after vigorous physical activity
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18
Q

Features of innocent murmurs

A

Soft, Systolic, Short, Symptomless, Standing/Sitting (vary with position

No radiation
No thrills
Asymptomatic child
No other sounds, e.g. clicks

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19
Q

Sandpaper rash
Straeberry tongue
Fever
Lymphadenopathy

A

Scarlet fever

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20
Q

What is scarlet fever a reaction to?

A

Erythrogenic toxins produced by Group A haemolytic strep (e.g. strep pyogenes)

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21
Q

Common causative organism croup

A

Parainfluenza viruses

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22
Q

Age of presentation croup

A

6 months - 6 years

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23
Q

Features of croup

A

Worse at night
95% viral
Barking cough
6 months - 6 years

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24
Q

In which season is croup most common?

A

Autumn

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25
Q

Pharm intervention for NOCTURNAL enuresis

A

Desmopressin ADH

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26
Q

Pharm intervention for daytime enuresis

A

Oxybutynin (anticholinergics)

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27
Q

Kawasaki disease initial treatment

A

High dose aspirin

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28
Q

Complications of Kawasaki disease

A

Coronary artery aneurysms (monitor with ECHO initially)

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29
Q

Commonest site of metastases Wilm’s tumour

A

Lung

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30
Q

When are APGAR scores assessed?

A

1, 5, 10 minutes

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31
Q

Fetal alcohol syndrome features

A 
Short ­palpebral fissure
Thin vermillion border/hypoplastic upper lip
Smooth/absent filtrum
Learning difficulties
Microcephaly
Growth retardation
Epicanthic folds
Cardiac malformations
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32
Q

Ix for necrotising enterocolitis

A

AXR

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33
Q

AXR sign - necrotising enterocolitis

A

Pneumatosis intestinalis (gas in bowel wall)

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34
Q

Signs necrotising enterocolitis

A

Distended, tender abdomen
Bilious vomiting
Blood in stool
Reduced movement

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35
Q

Why do girls with Turner’s syndrome have an ejection systolic murmur?

A

Bicuspid aortic valve

36
Q

Commonest renal abnorality in Turner’s syndrome

A

Horseshoe kidney

37
Q

Is biliary atresia more common in males or females?

38
Q

Cause of transient tachypnoea of the newborn

A

Delayed resorption of fluid in the lungs

39
Q

Features of caput succedanum

A

Bruising and bleeding around presenting part
Extends beyond margins of skull bones
Resolves spontaneously in a few days
Associated with SVD

40
Q

Features of cephalohaematoma

A

Bleeding
Confinded within margins of skull bones (because beneath the periosteum)
Often associated with the parietal bone
Resolves within several weeks-months
Associated with SD/forceps/ventouse deliveries

41
Q

Features of subaponeurotic haemorrhage

A

Diffuse, boggy swelling of the scalp
Traumatic birth
Significant bleeding may lead to hypovolaemic shock

42
Q

Which type of damage to the head of a newborn remains confined withi the margins of the skull bones? Why?

A

Cephalohaematoma - bleeding occurs beneath the periosteum

43
Q

Which brain injury is most common in preterm infants?

A

Intraventricular haemorrhage

44
Q

How soon after birth does an intraventricular haemorrhage usually occur?

A

Within 72 hours

45
Q

Why is aspirin generally contraindicated in children?

A

Increased risk of Reye’s syndrome

46
Q

Diagnosis of pertussis

A

Nasal swab

47
Q

Are male or female infants more likely to suffer from developmental dysplasia of the hip? By how much

A

Females 6x

48
Q

The following are all RFs for the following disease in infancy:

  • female sex: 6 times greater risk
  • breech presentation
  • positive family history
  • firstborn children
  • oligohydramnios
  • birth weight > 5 kg
  • congenital calcaneovalgus foot deformity
49
Q

What may a child showing hand preference before 12 months indicate?

A

Celebral palsy

50
Q

What percentage of IUGR babies never catch up?

51
Q

Russell silver

A

Tiny body, normal head. Protruding forehead

52
Q

Approach to analysing a tantrum

A

ABC

Antecedent - what happened before the tantrum?

Behaviour - exactly what the episode consisted of

Consequences - what happened as a result, including parental response

53
Q

Investigations for suspected haemolytic jaundice

A

FBC and film
Serum bilirubin
Coomb’s DAT

54
Q

Long term sequelae of kernicterus

A

CP

Deafness

55
Q

Mx haemolytic jaundice (<24 hours after birth)

A
  1. Phototherapy
  2. IVIG
  3. Exchange transfusion
56
Q

Treatment for PKU

A

Low phenylalanine diet with amino acid supplementation

57
Q

Inheritance pattern PKU

58
Q

Can phenylalanine cross the placenta?

A

Yes - so it is important for women hoping to get pregnant to have a well controlled diet

59
Q

3 physical features associated with PKU

A

Microcephaly
Epilepsy
Eczema

60
Q

Is Hirschsprung’s more common in males or females?

61
Q

What type of obstruction occurs in hirschsprung’s?

A

Functional

62
Q

Definitive diagnosis Hirschsprung’s

A

Full thickness rectal biopsy (contrast enema can also be useful but radiological changes might not be best seen until weeks or months after)

63
Q

CXR changes in RDS

A

Ground glass appearance

64
Q

Is RDS more severe in male or female infants?

65
Q

When does NEC present in preterm infants?

A

Commonly around 32 weeks corrected gestation (i.e. delayed from birth)

66
Q

How long are preterm babies followed up for?

67
Q

When does separation anxiety start to show?

A

6-8 months

68
Q

Three stages of separation response (separation anxiety)

A

Protest
Despair
Detachment

69
Q

Majority of causes of FTT are organic or inorganic?

A

Inorganic

Only approx 5% organic

70
Q

Are obese children normally tall or short?

A

Tall (over nutrition = acceleration of growth)

Be suspicious if they are short: cushing’s, prader willi

71
Q

Swollen hands and feet at birth (lymphoedema) may be indicative of ?

A

Turner’s / Noonan’s

Trisomy 13/18/21

Inborn errors of lymphadenopathy

72
Q

What are all girls with unexplained short stature offered?

A

Karyotyping, chromosomal analysis

73
Q

When does growth rate begin to fall off in Turner’s syndrome?

A

3-5 years (before then is normal)

74
Q

Management of Turner’s syndrome

A

Daily s/c HCG injections (improve growth)
or GH

Oral oestrogen at pubertal age to induce puberty

Fertility treatment

75
Q

Is an intellectual disability more common in Turner’s or Noonan’s?

A

Noonan’s

76
Q

Are Asian children genetically smaller or larger than other ethnic groups?

77
Q

Causes of jittery baby

A

Hypoglycaemia
Withdrawal
Metabolic problem
Sepsis

78
Q

Hypoglycaemia cut off for term babies and preterm babies

A

Term: <2

Pre term: <2.6

79
Q

Indications for a BM in a neonate

A

SGA
GDM
Mum on beta blocker

80
Q

Ddx neonate seizures

A 
HIE 
Hypoglycaemia 
Sepsis 
Polycthaemia 
Electrolyte imbalance 
Inborn errors of metabolism
Kernicterus
81
Q

Medication septic baby

A

Benpen
Gent
Aciclovir

82
Q

Recommended diet for CF

A

High calorie, high fat,

Pancreatic enzyme supplementation

83
Q

Management threadworms

A

Hygiene measures

Single dose mebendazole for whole family

84
Q

Who might a ketogenic diet be particularly useful for?

A

Children with difficult to control seizures

85
Q

Vomiting
Cataracts
Recurrent E.coli infections (sepsis)

A

Galactosaemia

Sarah Paeds (20 decks)

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