Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Two commonest cancers in childhood

A

Leukaemia

Brain tumour

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2
Q

What type of cancer is Down’s associated with?

A

Leukaemia

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3
Q

What type of cancer is NF associated with?

A

Glioma

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4
Q

Side effects if doxorubicin

A

Cardiotoxicity

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5
Q

Side effects of cisplatin

A

Renal failure and deafness

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6
Q

Side effects of cyclophosphamide

A

Haemorrhagic cystitis

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7
Q

Side effects of vincristine

A

Neuropathy

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8
Q

Do children or adolescents have poorer cancer outcomes?

A

Adolescents and young adults

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9
Q

5 years survival for childhood cancers

A

75%

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10
Q

Categories of presenting complaints of childhood cancer

A

Localised mass
Pressure effect/obstruction
Disseminated disease

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11
Q

Age of presentation ALL

A

2-5 years

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12
Q

Presentation of ALL

A

Insidious (weeks) onset:

  • Malaise
  • Pallor, lethargy (anaemia)
  • Purpura/bruising (thrombocytopenia)
  • Recurrent infection (neutropenia)
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Hepatosplenomegaly

(Testicular enlargement in boys)

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13
Q

Ix for suspected ALL

A
Bloods (low Hb, plts, neutros, raised WCC)
Blood film (blasts in periphery)
Bone marrow (flow cytometry - CD34,3,19)
Immunological phenotyping
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14
Q

Poor prognostic factors for ALL

A
Age <1, >10 years
High tumour load (high WCC)
MLL rearrangement 
Poor chemo response 
Large residual disease
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15
Q

Mx newly diagnosed ALL (with no CNS involvement)

A

Induction chemotherapy:

  • prednisolone
  • vincristine
  • anthracycline (doxorubicin)

CD20+ Rituximab
bcr-abl Imatinib

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16
Q

Mx ALL bcr-abl +ve

A

Imatinib

17
Q

Mx ALL CD20+

A

Rituximab

18
Q

Supportive treatments for ALL

A

Blood transfusion (anaemia)
Fluids + allopurinol
Prophylactic abx, antifungals and antivirals
Norethisterone to reduce periods if low platelets

19
Q

What can be used to reduce periods in patients with ALL and low platelet count

A

Norethisterone

20
Q

Remission rates after induction chemotherapy

A

95%

21
Q

Definition of ALL remission

A

Leukaemic blast cells eradicated

Normal marrow fx restored

22
Q

Mx ALL if CNS involvement

A

Standard induction therapy intrathecally

- Cytotoxic drugs penetrate poorly into CNS

23
Q

How long is ALL continued for after initial induction therapy?

A

3 years boys

2 years girls

24
Q

Are most childhood brain tumours primary or secondary?

A

Primary

25
Q

Are most childhood brain tumours supra or infratentorial?

A

Infra

26
Q

Leading cause of childhood cancer death

A

Brain tumour

27
Q

Commonest solid tumour in children

A

Brain tumour

28
Q

Commonest brain tumour in children

A

Astrocytoma

29
Q

Particularly malignant astrocytoma

A

Glioblastoma multiforme

30
Q

Presentation of glioblastoma mulitforme

A

Seizure, hemiplegia

Focal neuro deficits

31
Q

Location of medulloblastoma

A

Midline posterior fossa

32
Q

Presentation medulloblastoma and ependydoma (posterior fossa tumours)

A

Visual field loss, truncal ataxia, coordination problems, convergent squint

33
Q

Two examples posterior fossa tumours

A

Medulloblastoma and ependydoma

34
Q

Mx brainstem glioma

A

Palliative

35
Q

Features of craniopharyngioma

A

If in midline - bitemporal hemianopia

If obstructing pituitary - FTT, diabetes insipidus, weight gain

36
Q

Management brain tumour

A

Often surgery - reduce hydrocephalus, biopsy and resection