Pass Your Private Pilot Checkride #2 Flashcards
How long are METARS valid for?
They are valid hourly, (special METAR can be issued if something drastic changes)
When are METARS issued?
55 minutes past the hour.
What does a TAF stand for?
Terminal Aerodrome Forecast
How long is a TAF valid for?
Usually 24 hours (it can change)
When are TAFS issued?
4 times daily.
When are PIREPS issued?
issued by pilot, best for icing, turbulence, etc. because it’s actual weather in the sky.
What is Prognostic chart?
issued 4 times daily, and provides 12/24 forecast for region. Used only in flight planning when flying below 24,000 feet.
- 4 times daily
- under 24,000 feet
What is surface analysis chart?
depicts weather as they were a few hours earlier. Gives picture of frontal movements and high/low pressure systems.
What is a weather depiction chart?
chart based on METAR reports, updated every 3 hours. Only valid at the time it is issued.
What is the difference between AIRMET, SIGMET, and Convective SIGMET?
Airmet are for sever conditions for smaller aircraft.
Sigmet have severe conditions for all aircraft
convective airmet contain severe turbulence, icing, and low-level wind sheer
What are the 3 types of AIRMETS
Airmet T winds greater than 30kts
Airmet S IFR conditions or Mountain obscuration
Airmet Z Icing conditions
Define the term “ceiling”
Lowest broken or overcast layer of clouds.
What is worse a sigmet or airmet?
Sigmet.
What 4 forces are always acting on an airplane
- lift
- weight
- thrust
- drag
What is angle of attack
The acute angle between chord line of air foil and direction of the air that strikes that wing.
What is relative wind?
direction of airflow with respect to air foil.
What is bernouli’s principle
Main principle which explains how lift is created. pressure of fluid is proportional to it’s velocity. Airstream has been sped up above the airfoil compared to below the airfoil.
What is a stall?
Sudden loss of lift. When angle of attack increases to a point to undo the pressue change needed.
What factors affect stall speed?
Weight and center of gravity. AFT CG less stable, higher cruise speed, lower stall speed. Forward CG more stable, slower cruise speed, high stall speed.
What is P Factor?
The reason I need right rudder when I climb. It’s the wind from the propeller which pulls to the left. The propeller takes a larger bite of air on the downward stroke.
What are the 2 types of drag?
Parasite drag and induced drag
What is load factor?
The load the wings are supporting, divided by weight of airplane. Usually expressed in G’s.
What affect does an increase in load factor on stall speed?
Heavily loaded airplane has higher stall speed. Needs a higher angle of attack to maintain lift.
VA
The speed at which abrupt changes in flight won’t overstress the plane.
What causes a spin?
An aggregated stall, specifically from the rudder.
When are spins most likely to occur?
Define ground effect?
reduction of induced drag due to interference of the airflow around the wing by the ground/water.
What is adverse Yaw?
when the nose of the aircraft turns away from the intended direction of the turn.
Define standard empty weight
the weight of airframe and engine with standard equipment installed. unusable fuel and oil
optional and extra equipment
whatever isn’t included as standard empty weight.
What is basic empty weight?
weight with all optional equipment included.
Useful load
The difference between the gross takeoff weight and basic weight empty. usable fuel, pilot, passengers, baggage
Payload
The load available as passengers, freight, etc. (deducting pilot, crew, and fuel)
What are the types of altitude? (aside from indicated altitude)
Indicated altitude, what the altimeter says
Calibrated Altitude
True altitude above sea level
Absolute altitude above the ground
Pressure altitude
Density altitude, what it feels it’s at (pressure altitude adjusted for temp)
What impacts density altitude
- humidity
- temperature
- elevation
