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Gov 3A Political Parties > Party Ideology > Flashcards

Party Ideology Flashcards

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1
Q

How can you argue that party labels are meaningless?

A

all Democrats are Republicans as they don’t want a monarchy

all Republicans are Democrats as they all believe in democracy.

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2
Q

What stat shows how much voters have polarised since 1972?

A

When voters were asked in what the Democrats and GOP stood for in 1972 only 46% thought there was an important difference

In 2008 78% thought there was an important difference.

the parties ARE VERY POLARISED NOW

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3
Q

How did Clinton change the Democrat party?

A

He bought the party closer to the centre

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4
Q

What is Barak Obama’s ideology?

A

He is a liberal democrat, much more liberal than the Clintons. In 2007 the national journal called him the most liberal member of the senate

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5
Q

What were the traditional divisions in the Republican party?

A

moderate ‘Rockerfeller Republicans’

conservative Reagan Republicanism

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6
Q

What was GWB’s ideological legacy?

A

GWB tried to be a ‘compassionate conservative’ but ended up being more conservative and ‘Reagan’ like. His ideology was rejected by the party when he left.

No child left behind example of compassionate conservatism.

Compassionate - Rockerfeller, Coservative - Reagan

tried to blur ideological divides in the party

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7
Q

What is a yellow dog democrat?

A

When the solid south was intact Southern voters called themselves yellow dog democrats as even if the democrats put a yellow dog up for election they would vote for it,

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8
Q

What evidence is there that the Democrats lost the solid south?

A

from 1964-2000 the democrats only won a majority in the south once. Jimmy Carter ( a southerner in 1976)

In 1992 and 1996 the Democrats couldn’t win the south even with two southerners (Clinton and Gore)

by 2010 no Southern Governors were democrat, from 2014 no white democrats in the south in the house

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9
Q

How did the break up of the solid south affect party ideology?

A

Voters from the solid south shifted to the Republicans , this made Republicans more conservative and the Democrats more a left of centre party.

Politicians that were right wing such as Strom Thurmond switched to the GOP as it was more of an ideological home for them.

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10
Q

How did the electoral map change from 2000-2004?

A

New Mexico, was blue but changed red in the red sea of the south, now solidly blue but was a swing state

New Hampshire, was red changed to blue in the blue sea of the North East.

the map looked even more tribal in 2004 than in 2000

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11
Q

What did Clinton say in 1996?

A

The era of big government is over.

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12
Q

How broad are parties?

A

Very - Broad Churches

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13
Q

What are the characteristics of red America?

A

south and rural Midwest
suburbs
christians

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of blue America?

A

Urban and rims
Rainbow coalition
LGBT minorities, poor

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15
Q

What do Indiana, West Virginia and Massachusetts show about the red/blue divide?

A

Indiana, swing state
- voted dems in 2008 buthad Mike Pence as their Governor at the time

West Virginia- Red State but they have one senator of each party

Massachusetts - 1st state to legalise gay marriage but vote Republican for governors 1991-2006. However, Massachusetts is a consistently blue state overall.

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16
Q

How did Reagan lead to increased partisanship?

A

Reagan wooed conservatives away from the democrats whilst making it uncomfortable to be a moderate in the GOP. This increased partisanship

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17
Q

How did the Cold war lead to increased partisanship?

A

The end of the foreign policy consensus that came with the fall of the soviet union has allowed the parties to diverge as they can take different stances on foreign policy viewpoints

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18
Q

How has the concept of a partisan presidency increased partisanship?

A

Eisenhower, Carter, GHWB - benevolent

Now presidents are seen as the head of party and are more divisive e.g. Obama, GWB, Trump

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19
Q

How has the new media make the Presidency more partisan?

A

Whilst once Americans would have watched a bipartisan and unbiased news channel, new channels such as CNN and Fox as well as the internet means Americans go to a source that simple reinforces their own views. - echo chamber increases partisanship

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20
Q

How has gerrymandering increased partisanship?

A

The competition lies in the primary. This means that people are pushed to the extremes.

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21
Q

What does parties being broad churches mean about individual memebrs?

A

Not all members of a party may hold one view but it may be the ideological pattern of their party for them to hold that view.

A democrat in one area may be more right wing than a conservative in another area.

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22
Q

How did professor Brogan describe the parties in old conservative wisdom?

A

‘like two bottles with different labels, both empty.’

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23
Q

What does Liberal mean?

A

A view that seeks to change the political, economic and social status quo in favour of the week-being, rights and liberties of the individual and especially those who are disadvantaged by society.

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24
Q

What does Conservative mean?

A

A view that seeks to defend the political , economic, and social status quo and therefore tends to oppose changes in the institutions and structures of society.

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25
Q

Which old style liberals were defeated in elections before the 2000s

A

Humphrey 1968
McGovern 1972
Mondale 1984
Dukakis 1988

these derates led to criticism of the old style liberalism

Only Carter 1976 won in this period

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26
Q

Who are the DLC?

A

Democratic Leadership Council

tried to reposition the Democrats into the centre

Bill Clinton was a DLC candidate and broke success of defeats, first Democrat president to serve two terms since Roosevelt

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27
Q

How did Al Gore distance himself from Clinton in 2000?

A

he did not go for a ‘let us continue campaign’ and LBJ did in 1964

distanced himself due to personal ethics perhaps

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28
Q

What was John Kerry like?

A

more clearly identified with old style Democrats like Dukakis than with New Democrats

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29
Q

What was the succession of Reagan’s vp GHWB seen as in terms of party ideology?

A

putting the moderates back in charge

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30
Q

What was Dick Cheney?

A

VP to GWB and foreign policy hawk, the moderates such as John Ashcroft (attorney general) lost out to these types in the GWB presidency

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31
Q

What were GWB’s supreme court picks like?

A

Roberts and Alito both v conservative

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32
Q

What is the evidence of GWB’s ideology being rejected in 2008 by the GOP?

A

John McCain was a Bush critic and won the nomination

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33
Q

What is the solid south?

A

A term used to refer to the the democrat party’s solid political and electoral control during the century between the civil war and the 1960’s

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34
Q

in 2008 how many states that had voted GWB in 2004 voted Obama?

A

9

this suggests the electoral map is not as simple as red and blue America

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35
Q

What was politics all about in the 50’s 60’s and 70’s?

A

bipartisanship

now its very partisan

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36
Q

What did Olympia Snow Republican senator say was her reason for leaving office?

A

‘dysfunctional and political polarisation.’

partisanship is suited for a parliamentary system but it’s not really what the Founding fathers wanted, the Senates requirement for supermajorities to pass big legislation is supposed to encourage bipartisanship

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37
Q

Is the President the leader of their party?

A

NOPE

this is not a prime minister, this was not a party election

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38
Q

What was the Nevada Republican platform in 2012? 2014?

A

Nevada is considered a Red state but…

In 2012 the Republicans in Nevada were anti equal marriage and anti abortion

But in 2014 they were pro choice and pro equal marriage

the state platform can vary greatly from the national platform, ideologies differ

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39
Q

What do both parties agree on?

A

the role of the constitution in political and governmental life. The workings of a capitalist, free market economic system, acceptance of the ‘American way’ and the ‘American dream’

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40
Q

What issues and principles are parties aligned on?

A

Clinton’s ‘the era of big government is over’ 1996

Bush’s compassionate conservatism especially ‘No child left behind’ showed overlaps between traditional party divides

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41
Q

How did the impeachment of Clinton show ideological difference in the parties?

A

It was split on party lines

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42
Q

How has healthcare shown ideological differences in the parties?

A

no Republicans voted for Obamacare

no Democrats voted for Trumpcare

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43
Q

How have parties been united ideologically through organisation?

A

Contract with America - house Rs 1994

Boehner’s Pledge to America 2010 - house Rs

Dems ‘6 for ‘06’

a national platform

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44
Q

How many Republicans voted against Trump’s tax cuts?

A

only one

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45
Q

Where do the parties differ on their approach to issues?

A

Dems support abortion, dovish foreign policy, govt intervention and gun control
Republicans oppose these things

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46
Q

Why was John Boehner ousted as speaker of the House?

A

ousted by social conservatives within his own party

Boehner had a 100% pro life voting record but was punished for not being strong enough on planned parenthood funding

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47
Q

What is the definition of the political theory of liberalism? which politicians fit this theory

A

Liberalism in the US is a broad political and philosophical mindset favouring individual liberty, and opposing restrictions on liberty, whether they come from religion, from government or from the class structure.

FDR, Howard Dean, Barak Obama, Nancy Pelosi, Keith Ellinson (DNC deputy chair)

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48
Q

What is the definition of the political theory of conservatism? which politicians fit this theory

A

Core conservative principles include a belief in God and country, and many US conservatives support a fiscal policy rooted in small government. In foreign policy, the US is unique among nations and that its standing and actions should guide the course of world history.

Paul Ryan, Mitch McConnell, the TEA party, The Freedom Caucus, Ronna Romney McDaniel (RNC chair)

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49
Q

What is the definition of the political theory of Neo-Liberalism? which politicians fit this theory

A

The central principle of neoliberal policy is free markets and free trade. Market collations to problems.

Reagan deregulates the stock market, Obama’s Dodd-Frank Act puts some regulation back in place

Education ‘markets’, let bad schools fail, restrict funding

Healthcare markets, this is stopped by Obamacare

Reagan is heavily associated but also Clinton to an extent

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50
Q

What is the definition of Neo-Conservatism? which politicians fit this theory

A

A modern form of conservatism that supports a more assertive foreign policy, aimed at promoting democracy abroad.

Dick Cheney, John Bolton NSA, foreign policy ‘hawks’

Opposed the Cuba and Iran deals

want military intervention in N.Korea

But Trump is an isolationist, he is meeting Kim Jong Un

51
Q

What is the political theory of the New right? which politicians fit this?

A

The New Right seeks to promote strongly conservative policies. Shift from the moderate.

they move away from protectionist economic policy in the 70’s and 80’s

neo liberal, socially conservative, religious right

Milton Friedman, Reagan ‘Govt is the problem not the solution

52
Q

What was Eisenhower’s brand of Republicanism?

A

Advocate interventionism, economically liberal and socially conservative

53
Q

What is the political theory of the Religious Right? which politicians fit this

A

A spectrum of right-wing Christian political and social movements and organisations characterised by their strong support of conservative social and political values.

Mike Pence, Sarah Palin

54
Q

What is the political theory of ‘Compassionate conservatism.’?

A

stresses uses traditionally conservative techniques and concepts in order to improve the general welfare of society

associated with GWB ‘no child left behind.’

55
Q

What is the political theory of the old democrats? which politicians advocate this?

A

left wing advocates of government intervention on fiscal matters.

Ted Kennedy, Jesse Jackson

56
Q

What is the political theory of New Democrats? which politicians advocate this?

A

centrists, sometimes known as the third way. They are identified with more moderate social/cultural positions and neoliberal fiscal values.

Hillary and Bill Clinton
Barak Obama told the New Democrat caucus he was one in 2009
Tom Perez (DNC chair.)
57
Q

What did the Republicans advocate in the 1930’s?

A

‘rugged individualism’

this made the Democrats electorally successful (FDR winning un unprecedented 4 terms on the premise of state intervention in terms of the New Deal

58
Q

What was Fannie Mae?

A

a government body to underwrite mortgages and so help US citizens own homes, a New Deal policy

this was made into a private company later by Republicans

59
Q

How does Eisenhower’s presidency show a less ‘conservative’ Republicanism?

A

sent in the National Guard to ensure schools in the south were desegregated

60
Q

What are the three ideological groupings within the Democrats?

A

Left- Progressive Democrats

Centre- New Democrats

Right- Blue Dogs

61
Q

What are progressive Democrats like?

A

socially liberal, economically liberal

Nancy Pelosi, San Fran representative and minority house leader, Barak Obama, Keith Ellerson (DNC deputy chair who is a Sanders fan)

77 in congressional caucus

62
Q

What are New Democrats like?

A

socially liberal, fiscally conservative

Bill Clinton ‘the era of big government is over’

61 in the congressional caucus

63
Q

What are Blue Dogs like?

A

vote with Republicans

opposed Obamacare

socially conservative (centrist) , more fiscally conservative

DINOs

18 in congressional caucus, Jim Costa

64
Q

What are the three main ideological groups in the GOP?

A

Left- Main Street Republicans

Centre- Republican Study Committee

Right- Freedom Caucus

65
Q

What are Main Street Republican’s like?

A

not very socially liberal, fiscally conservative

didn’t vote for Trumpcare, did vote for Tax cuts

75 in the congressional caucus

overlap the blue dogs

e.g. Susan Collins

66
Q

What are the Republican study committee like?

A

socially conservative, fiscally conservative

154 in congressional caucus

Paul Ryan is one (speaker of the House)

approved Trumpcare and tax cuts

67
Q

What are the Freedom Caucus like?

A

very socially conservative
very very fiscally conservative
Libertarian

they approved tax cuts but not Trumpcare

31 in congressional caucus

John Connin, Marsha Blackburn

68
Q

How have the Religious Right influenced ideology?

A

the religious right came to prominence under Reagan in the 70’s and 80’s
they temper their message so it becomes more acceptable to people in general

they are anti LGBT, anti abortion and pro guns

they have moved the GOP further to the right, now very right wing and dependant upon the votes of the religious right

69
Q

Are the religious right very influential?

A

The Stupak amendment meant there was no abortion included in Obamacare - very influential

VPs are often chosen to appease the religious right, e.g. Palin, Pence, Ryan

25% of voters are Evangelical and 81% of Evangelicals voted Trump,

they are usually white, wealthy, southern- reinforcing characteristics mean they vote GOP and the Democrats pay little attention to them.

However, Obergefell v Hodges happened and was upheld, they are not that influential

70
Q

Is Trump an ideologue?

A

No he’s a populist

this is why the Koch brothers don’t like him

71
Q

How were JFK and LBJ liberal?

A

Medicaid and the civil rights act

72
Q

Which department did Reagan try to close down?

A

education but he wasn’t allowed by power of the purse

73
Q

Which was did the Democrat Leaserhsip Council embrace after being set up in 1985?

A

a third way, fiscal issues

rejected by traditional Ted Kennedy

adopted by Al Gore and Clinton

inspired New Labour

74
Q

Why did the two parties used to be liken to Tweedledee and Tweedledum?

A

They look identical and are extremely similar but like to argue about their apparent differences

75
Q

How has the numbers if self-identified Democrats voting Republican changed?

A

33% of self identified Democrats voted Nixon in 1972

only 7% of self identified Democrats voted Romney 2012

76
Q

How has the number of self identified Republicans voting Democrat changed?

A

Republicans never tended to vote Democrat but in 1964 20% voted LBJ

In 2012 only 6% voted Obama

77
Q

Why are there fewer genuine swing states now than there used to be?

A

People are much more partisan in the way they vote now

When the white house went from LBJ to Nixon, 36 states switched party

When the USA went from GWB to Obama only 9 states changed their party allegiance

78
Q

What has resorting done to the parties?

A

Made them more ideologically distinct

79
Q

How can increased partisanship be seen in the decline in split ticket voting?

A

decline in split districts,
1996 110 split districts
2012 onlt 25 split districts

in 2016 there was no split between the Senate and the Presidency

80
Q

What was the ideological overlap like in the Senate in 1993? 2011?

A

In 1993 there were 6 Republicans more liberal than the most conservative Democrat and 26 Democrats more Conservative than the most liberal Republican

In 2011 there was no ideological overlap at all in the Senate, Susan Collins of Maine is the most liberal GOP member but she is more conservative than the most conservative Democrat Ben Nelson of Nebraska

Profound changes have taken place in the US political parties

81
Q

What has increased ideological difference between the two parties meant for US government?

A

major legislation tends to pass through congress on party lines, coalition building used to be vital to successful Government but not any more

No Republicans voted for Obamacare and no Democrats voted for Trump’s tax cuts or Trumpcare.

This means a president who doesn’t control both houses can’t really do anything as Obama couldn’t at the end of his Presidency

82
Q

How has the Presidents power to persuade been affected by increased partisanship?

A

in the 70’s Carter could get a significant amount of liberal Republicans to support him

Now Presidents have to reach into their own ideological party base as opposed to reaching out to traditionally independent and centrist voters.

This is how Bush and Obama got re-elected

83
Q

How have the Senators from 1993 that were the most liberal in the Republicans and most conservative in the Democrats re sorted themselves?

A

Democrat Shelby joined the GOP in 1994

Republican Jeffords decided to sit as an independent and caucus with Senate Democrats.

These Senators are Emblematic of the changes that have occurred in the main two parties

84
Q

How do the parties views differ on Abortion?

A

Dems -support Roe v Wade and the choice of women in their pregnancy

Obama repealed the Mexico City rule that banned money going to foreign groups that promote abortion, Trump reinstated it

Obama was described as the ‘most radical pro abortion President ever’ on Fox News

Trump arguably most radical anti abortion president ever

GOP against all abortion

85
Q

How do the main parties differ on views towards civil rights?

A

Dems support civil rights and expanding opportunity for all Americans

2010, ‘Don’t ask, don’t tell’ was repealed
2011 Obama instructed the Justice Department not to enforce DOMA as he viewed it as unconstitutional
2012 Obama came out in favour of gay marriage
2015 Obama appointed the first openly gay man to lead the army

Trump wanted to ban transgender people being in the military

86
Q

How do the main parties differ on views towards the environment?

A

Dems committed to environment policy
2015 Clean Power plan promised a 32% reduction in power plant emissions
2015 Obama vetoed Keystone pipeline, Trump likes Keystone

Trump has pulled out of Paris Climate Change Agreement
Trump appointed a climate change denier as head of the EPA Pruitt

87
Q

How do the parties differ on the views towards Healthcare?

A

ACA gave healthcare to an additional 16 million Americans

Trump tried to pass Trumpcare but failed
Trump repealed the individual mandate in the ACA through his tax cutes, this means insurance premiums will skyrocket

88
Q

How do the parties differ on views towards immigration?

A

Dems support immigration, GOP do not

2012 executive order halted the deportation of illegal immigrants under 30 DACA, now in dispute and has caused the shutdowns

89
Q

How do views differ on education between the parties?

A

2015 Obama announced $60 billion to provide 2 years of free tuition in community colleges

Betsy Devos is a bit crap, GOP don’t care about education she was just a rich donor

90
Q

What are views towards the economy in the parties?

A

Dems, 2009 Recovery and Reinvestment Act had a $831 billion stimulus package for the economy

2014 Obama raised minimum wage for many federal employees

2015 TTIP, this died under Trump

Trump tax cuts

91
Q

How do the parties differ on gun control?

A

Dems want background checks and some GOP do too but influence of NRA meaner the bipartisan Manchin Toomey bill failed despite 90% of Americans supporting it

92
Q

How do the parties differ on foreign policy`?

A

Dems , Cuba and Iran deals 2015

Trump has pulled out of the nuclear deal with Iran, John Bolton and other hawks encouraged this

Guantanmo bay remains open against Obama’s wished and the ruling of the Supreme Court in Hamdan v Rumsfeld, Trump wants more prisoners.

Trump proposed adding 54 million to the military budget, has also had high tension North Korean relations

dovish/hawkish foreign policy

93
Q

How do the parties differ on drug policy?

A

Obama used his power of pardon to grant clemency to many low level drug offenders

Trump wants drug dealers executed

94
Q

What are the negative effects of great ideological difference between the two parties?

A

Government is gridlocked

major issues go unresolved like climate change and immigration reform (DACA)

politics is profoundly uncivil, ‘lock her up’

95
Q

Has being more ideologically different strengthened the parties?

A

yes! they are more internally strong but much more divided against each other

96
Q

What is asymmetric polarisation?

A

The Republicans are moving further to the right a lot faster than the Democrats are moving to the left

97
Q

Have states polarised?

A

yes they have similar tribalism to Washington, many states have really polarised like California and Arizona

98
Q

What fraction of Democrats and republicans see the other party as a ‘threat to the nation’s wellbeing?’

A

1/4 of Democrats

1/3 of Republicans

99
Q

Are voters being polarised?

A

could be suggested that more and more voters hold consistently liberal or conservative views

Pew Research centre says that party is the best predictor of issue positions- better than age, gender, race e.c.t.

100
Q

What classic statement can you make about parties?

A

Parties are more ideologically homogenous, distinct and well organised than ever before

101
Q

Explain the view that voters are actually quite centrist but it is only the parties that are polarised?

A

most Americans may be central, the majority think abortion should be ‘safe, legal and rare’

however, politically active Americans tend to have more polarised and extreme views

In a gerrymandered system people need to appeal to the activist groups in order to get through their primaries as normal voters often don’t turn out. This leads to more and more extreme views in the parties.

102
Q

How does the extreme ideology of activist voters have a knock on effect on general elections?

A

in the system they do not try to win over independent voters but instead energise the party base of more extreme voters. This means they are not centrist

GWB ground war 2004, put wedge issues on the ballot

Obama 2008, 2012 small individual donations

103
Q

What is party voting like? What other things show increased politisation

A

at a all time high

split ticket voting in decline

104
Q

Are all the people who claim to be independents really independent?

A

No the vast majority lean to one side or the other

105
Q

How did the Tea Party Caucus (not not in existence) drive the GOP to the right?

A

the TEA party (Taxed Enough Already) was extremely right wing, taking views on liking limited government and wanting to reduce federal spending.

The Tea Party had some influential members and supporters, Ted Cruz, Marco Rubi, Pete Sessions, Rand Paul, Rick Santorum

The TEA party pushed the GOP to the right, it was largely due to the TEA party that House Speaker John Boehner pushed for deep cuts in the 2011 Budget crisis, nearly leading to shutdown

106
Q

How did the TEA party affect the 2010 elections?

A

tried to get rid of RINOs

Meant Lisa Murkowski of Alaska lost her primary, although she won as a write in candidate

Marco Rubio and Rand Paul held onto seats

107
Q

How did the TEA party affect the 2012 elections?

A

Romney a moderate won the Presidential nomination

the tea party candidate Michele Bauchman pulls out early on, cain, Santorum and Gringrich all inherited the mantle but lost

Ted Cruz joins senate

some TEA party candidates made ill judged comments about rape and lost because of these (getting pregnant by your rapist fits into the phrase when life gives you lemons make lemonade)

108
Q

How was Bill Clinton shown to be fiscally conservative but socially liberal?

A

1st president to reduce size of the federal bureaucracy

he tried to get healthcare reform but failed
‘Don’t ask don’t tell’

Democrats not clearly liberal in the 90’s

109
Q

How was GWB socially conservative?

A

Despite ‘no child left behind’ GWB had some conservative ideas on social policy

he vetoes stem cell research and tried to prohibit same sex marriage constitutionally

110
Q

Which politician did Trump fail to convince to repeal Obamacare?

A

John McCain

111
Q

What does Ideological overlap look like in the 115th congress?

A

The most liberal Republican is more conservative than the most conservative Democrat

112
Q

Which act passed unanimously in 2014?

A

‘No Social Security for Nazis’

shows bipartisanship

113
Q

How many Democrats voted to end the shutdown in 2018?

A

33 Democrats with 48 Republicans

114
Q

What did Reagan say about Government?

A

‘Government is the problem not the solution’

115
Q

What circumstances allowed Trump’s tax cuts for the super rich?

A

ideological divide

116
Q

What is the theory of Party decline?

A

The theory, popular in the last three decades of the 20th century that political parties were in decline in terms of membership, function and importance- both in elections and congress.

117
Q

What percentage of voters said they were independent in 2016?

A

31%

118
Q

What percentage of US voters identify with one party or the other?

A

70%

119
Q

To candidates use party labels at elections?

A

Not really no

120
Q

What percentage of votes in congress were party unity votes?

A

75%

121
Q

What issues have democrats been split on?

A

Obama’s TPP

obamacare- blue dogs

Patriot act renewal

122
Q

Why is there little incentive for bipartisanship ?

A

Reduction in earmarking

Gerrymandering

123
Q

Why do democrats not want to meet with Trump?

A

May not play well to their voters

Although Pelsoi met with Trump over DACA

124
Q

Who founded the freedom caucus?

A

Mark Meadows

Gov 3A Political Parties (3 decks)

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