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Endocrine/Repro > Parturition > Flashcards

Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

describe placental changes throughout pregnancy

A
  1. oxygen and nutrients to the fetus will reach their max capacity, but fetal demand will continue to increase; once fetus too big for placenta to support, parturition happens!
  2. progesterones or progestagens are initially produced by the placenta, but will switch to estrogen to prepare for parturition
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2
Q

what signals the end of gestation? (3)

A
  1. decreased room in the uterus
  2. decreased allantoic fluid
  3. decreased amniotic fluid
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3
Q

describe fetal changes leading up to parturition/maturation of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary axis (5)

A
  1. lack of space leads to chronic fetal stress
  2. this stress causes the fetus to release ACTH, which stimulates fetal cortisol synthesis
  3. cortisol induces maturation of the fetal-hypothalamic-pituitary axis, as well as the fetal lungs and GI tract
  4. cortisol also switches placental steroidogenesis from P4 to estrogen production
  5. cortisol also induces release of PGF2alpha, which drives labor forward via induction of contractions and luteolysis
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4
Q

what are clinical signs of parturition in the cow? (3) how long is cow gestation?

A

gestation is 279-290 days; at the end will see

  1. udder development: in the last couple of weeks prior to parturition in the form of subcutaneous edema
  2. udder engorgement: in the last week pre-partum, but can be delayed in heifers, and is much more significant in dairy cows
  3. relaxation of the pelvic ligaments: 2-3 weeks pre-partum, will see a raised tail head, sunken gluteal muscles, pronounced depressions beside the tail head, and reduced tail muscle tone due to relaxin
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5
Q

describe impending parturition in the horse, include gestation length and what drives the signs of impending labor

A

gestation length is 330-365 days (more variable than cattle, varies with breed, stress, nutrition, fetal sex, time of year, age of dam); at the end will see

  1. udder development
  2. vulvar and pelvic ligament relaxation

signs of impending labor are driven by hormonal changes (falling estrogen and progesterone drop in the last 48 hours)

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6
Q

how is the time of foaling determined?

A

fetus determines the day, as there is crucial fetal maturation in the last 24 hours of gestation (induction of labor is dangerous!!), but mare determines the hour, most of the time between 6pm-2am, but mare can override her contractions until she feels safe

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7
Q

how do estrogen facilitate parturition? (4)

A
  1. induce oxytocin receptors
  2. facilitate myometrial contractions and endometrial secretions
  3. relax cervix and ligaments in birth canal
  4. induce mammary gland development
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8
Q

how do the myometrial contractions facilitated by estrogen lead to the Ferguson’s reflex of parturition? (4)

A
  1. myometrial contractions push the placenta and the fetus against the cervix
  2. this pressure induces cervical dilation and sensory neurons whose pathway terminates in the paraventricular nucleus
  3. this sensory input stimulates the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
  4. oxytocin stimulates more strong myometrial contractions, which puts more pressure on the cervix, leading to more sensory info and a positive feedback loop
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9
Q

generally describe stage 1 of labor (4)

A
  1. beginning of organized uterine contractions
  2. internal signs: organized myometrial contractions, pressure against cervix, cervical dilation, fetal repositioning
  3. external signs: discomfort in mom
  4. rupture of chorioallantoic membrane signals the transition between stage of and stage 2
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10
Q

describe stage 1 of labor in the cow (duration, 4 clinical signs, cervical description, and chorioallantois action)

A

duration: 4-24 hours

clinical signs (4):
1. discomfort, pawing, paddling
2. circling, up and down, isolate from herd
3. raised tail
4. occasional, light straining

cervix: softening/dilating

chorioallantois: pushes into vagina, aiding dilation and appearing as a transparent bubble at the vulva that slides in and out and ultimately ruptures

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11
Q

describe stage 1 of labor in the mare including duration, 4 external signs, and chorioallantois action

A

duration: 30 min to 6 hours as foal rotates from ventral to dorsal position (spine to mom’s sacrum)

external signs (4):
1. restlessness, sweating, tail raising/swishing
2. posturing to urinate and mild straining
3. flehmen response
4. spontaneous milking (oxytocin)

chorioallantois presents at the cervix and a small amount protrudes before rupture when the foal pushes against it

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12
Q

what is a red bag?

A

when the chorioallantois does rupture but there is premature separation of the chorion and allantois; must manually open ASAP as foal is not getting any oxygen!

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13
Q

describe stage 1 of labor in the dog, including duration and 6 clinical signs

A

duration: 6-24 hours

clinical signs (6)
1. obsessive nesting
2. anorexia
3. restlessness
4. panting
5. shivering
6. green-black discharge = some degree of placental separation, get the babies out!

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14
Q

describe stage 2 of labor generally and give how long should take in cows, horses, ewe/does, sows, and dogs

A

defined as the rupture of the chorioallantois to the delivery of the fetus, but is difficult to define if the mom is truly in stage 2 so go by how long it should last

cow: 30 min to 3 hours
horse: 15-30 min
ewe/doe: 30-120 minutes
sow: 150-180 min
dog: 60 min to over 4 hours

variability for everyone but cow and horse is due to number of babies

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15
Q

describe bovine stage 2 labor, including duration, cow position, and which parts of fetus are most difficult to pass

A

duration: 30min-3 hours

  1. cow will deliver recumbent unless disturbed but may rise or roll to position the calf
  2. will see rupture of amnion (a more viscous fluid)
  3. thorax is the most difficult to pass, so when the head is at the vulva the thorax is entering the pelvis and will see the most intense straining
  4. once the head is delivered, the largest fetal diameter of the thorax is past the pelvis, but beef breeds may have larger hips, so may see mom rotate 45 degrees as she tries to reposition calf
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16
Q

describe mare stage 2 labor (6)

A

duration: 15-30min
1. intense straining starts and mare will roll between lateral and sternal, and may even stand and reposition
2. if longer than 30 minutes, may see fetal compromise, if longer than 1 hour there is a high risk of fetal loss
3. vulvar lips serve as a point of resistance and are a common site of tearing
4. amnion is free within the chorioallantois, so the foal is delivered enclosed in amnion that the mare must bite/tear open or you must assist and tear open
5. once foal on ground, allow mare to rest for up to 1/2 hour with umbilical cord intact for blood transfer to the fetus, as this allows better clotting
6. cord ruptures when the mare stands

16
Q

describe canine stage 2 (and 3) labor (4)

A
  1. fetal and placental expulsion
  2. 30-60 min in between pups but should be complete within 6 hours
  3. fetal membranes will either pass with the pup, or within the next 5-15 minutes in between pups (stage 3 part)
  4. uterine discharge normal up to 3 weeks post-partum and uterine involution takes up to 3 months
17
Q

what is stage 3 labor?

A

passage of the fetal menbranes

18
Q

describe bovine stage 3

A

passage of placenta normally occurs within 12 hours, is considered retain if not but only treat when the cow is sick! (if see lethargy, febrile, anorexic may indicate metritis)

19
Q

describe stage 3 in the mare (3)

A
  1. passage of fetal membranes should occur within 3 hours of foaling!! aided by myometrial contractions and may see mare lie down and roll
  2. placenta usually passes allantoic side out because it releases at the horn tips and pulls inside out
  3. horn tips are common site of retained placenta! must examine both surfaces of placenta closely, keeping in mind that pathology is more common on the chorionic side
20
Q

how long is gestation in the ewe? in the doe? what are 4 signs of impending labor in small ruminants?

A

ewe: 147d
does: 150d

signs:
1. mammary development in last 1-2 weeks
2. colostrum in teats last 24 hrs
3. vulvar lengthening
4. relaxation of pelvic ligaments

21
Q

describe stages 1, 2, and 3 of labor in small ruminants

A

stage 1: restlessness and vocalization

stage 2: 30min-2 hours
1. intense straining
2. vocalization (does) or grunting (ewes)
3. mostly cranial presentation but backwards or flexed shoulder can be normal and fine
4. check for additional fetuses!

stage 3: placenta usually delivered within 8 hours, but like cows if retained only treat if sick

22
Q

how long is gestation in the sow? give 3 signs of impending labor

A

115 days (3wk, 3 mo, 3 day)

  1. mammary development in the last 1/3
  2. milk within 24 hours of farrowing
  3. vulvar swelling and softening 24-48 hours prepartum
23
Q

describe all 3 stages of labor in the sow

A

stage 1: 12-24 hours, nesting and restless

stage 2: 30min - 4 hours
1. amnion ruptures within cervix, so NO BALLOONING AT VULVA
2. fluid proceeds each fetus
3. fetal presentation can be anterior, posterior, shoulders flexed
4. sow in lateral recumbency
5. fetuses delivered every 5-20min, longer intervals indicate obstruction or uterine intertia

stage 3: placentas expelled with fetus, after 2-3 fetuses, or at the end

24
Q

what are the 3 causes of dystocia?

A
  1. endocrine: fetal death, placental pathology, maternal stress
  2. maternal: cervical abnormalities, musculoskeletal pathology, metabolic abnormalities
  3. fetal: deformity, premature demise
25
Q

what are the 3 ways to describe fetal position?

A
  1. presentation: orientation of fetal long axis in relation to maternal long axis; can be anterior (head) or posterior (hind end), and longitudinal (good) or transverse (very bad)
  2. position: relationship of FETAL vertebral column (dorsum/spine) to MATERNAL pelvis: dorso-sacral (normal), dorso-pubic (upside-down, no rotation), or dorso-ilial (incomplete rotation)
  3. posture: orientation of fetal limbs, head, and neck: wanted head, neck, and forelimbs extended
26
Q

what is normal fetal disposition in horse and cow?

A

anterior, dorso-sacral, with head, legs, ad neck extended

27
Q

what is normal fetal disposition in dogs, cats, pigs?

A

either anterior or posterior, dosro-sacral, extended

28
Q

describe dystocia to the fetus

A

placental perfusion, umbilical cord compression, or inability to expand thorax can lead to fetal asphyxia which can lead to perinatal death or neonatal disease or death

29
Q

describe dystocia to the mom

A

trauma and contamination of the genital tract leads to metritis which can cause expense, infertility, and death

Endocrine/Repro (31 decks)

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