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Endocrine/Repro > Male Breeding Soundness Exam > Flashcards

Male Breeding Soundness Exam Flashcards

1
Q

what is the male contribution to efficient breeding? (6)

A
  1. disease free
  2. structurally sound
  3. physically fit
  4. good semen quality
  5. enough semen quantity
  6. good libido
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2
Q

what are the 4 goals of the breeding soundness exam?

A
  1. identify infertile/subfertile males
  2. determine the cause of sub/infertility
  3. estimate the number of females he can breed
  4. eliminate males with heritable defects
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3
Q

what is the definition of and are the 5 aspects of a breeding soundness exam?

A

an assessment of the male’s ability to establish pregnancy in a group of females
1. heritable defects
2. physical defects
3. venereal infectious diseases
4. libido and mating ability
5. semen quality

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4
Q

when should you perform a BSE? (4)

A
  1. pre-purchase exam
  2. pre-registration exam
  3. before the breeding season
  4. if notice lowered fertility
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5
Q

how are heritable and physical defects evaluated? (3)

A
  1. history
  2. physical exam
  3. genital exam
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6
Q

what does examination of the eyes, feet, and teeth tell you in a BSE?

A

eyes: male’s ability to see secondary signs of heat

feet: male’s ability to see the female and mount

teeth: male’s ability to eat and maintain body weight

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7
Q

what does the physical exam of a BSE reveal? (3)

A
  1. fever
  2. systemic illness
  3. body condition score
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8
Q

what does scrotal inspection (3) and scrotal palpation (3) reveal in a genital exam?

A

scrotal inspection:
1. symmetry
2. skin lesions (can affect thermoregulation)
3. size (direct positive correlation with fertility)

scrotal palpation:
1. heat or pain
2. mobility: should be able to push testes up and down, reflecting lac of lesions between vaginal tunics
3. structures: should be able to palpate spermatic cord, epipidymis, and testes

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9
Q

describe the relationship between testicular weight, sperm production, and testicular size

A

testicular weight is correlated with testicular size, and testicular weight is correlated with sperm production

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10
Q

how is scrotal circumference measured/range given in ruminants?

A

age-appropriate ranges are determined, as onset of puberty does not equal sexual maturity and the bull will continue to grow past the age of one year

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11
Q

what is the important of scrotal circumference in bulls (4)?

A
  1. determines heifer’s age at puberty
  2. determines heifer’s fertility
  3. is heritable
  4. bull:cow ration is 1 cow per centimeter of scrotal circumference
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12
Q

how do you measure testicular size in stallions and dogs?

A

can’t measure circumference because testes are close to body wall, so measure width

want greater than or equal to 8cm in stallions; great variability based on body weight in dogs

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13
Q

why must penis and prepuce be evaluated in BSE?

A

could have lacerations, retained frenulum, malformations, all would interfere with breeding

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14
Q

in which species can you NOT assess seminal vesicles or vesicular glands?

A

dogs; only have prostate

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15
Q

how is libido and mating ability and semen quality measured in a BSE?

A

via semen collection and evaluation

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16
Q

how is semen collection performed in stallions? dogs? bulls? in which method can you not evaluate libido and mating ability?

A

stallions: artificial vagina
dogs: manual stimulation
bulls: electroejaculation; cannot evaluate libido or mating ability here because are stimulating the nerves directly

17
Q

define semen evaluation

A

a series of laboratory tests designed to predict the performance of a male or semen sample in a breeding program; evaluate both sperm and seminal plasma while utilizing careful handling

18
Q

describe the good spermatozoon (4) can it function on its own?

A
  1. progressively motile
  2. male pronucleus condensed for embryo development
  3. acrosome reaction for oocyte penetration
  4. able to do its job (motility, oviductal reservoir, capacitation, acrosome reaction, fusion with oocyte)

cannot function on its own! needs seminal plasma, which provides:
1. 90% of energy requirements provided by extracellular glucose of fructose for the ATP produced by aerobic metabolism in the mitochondria of the sperm
2. but can also hurt if contains inflammatory cells or cytokines

19
Q

what are the 3 components of semen evaluation? describe

A

gross evaluation, performed first, evaluate:
1. volume
2. aspect: watery, cloudy, milky, creamy, based on sperm concentration
3. color: should be white to grey; if yellow = urospermia, due to nerve dysfunction
if red = hemospermia, due to penile injury, urethral rent, or prostatic disease

microscopic evaluation:
1. sperm motility: has a positive correlation with fertilizing ability, evaluates membrane integrity, mitochondrial function, and structural integrity of flagellum; given in % total and progressively motile sperm
2. sperm morphology: can use hancock stain or phase contrast, but either way will eval on 100x oil immersion, count 100 cells, and give % normal and abnormal sperm; high positive correlation with fertility
3. sperm concentration: given in million sperm per mL, gold standard is nucleocounter
4. semen cytology

total sperm numbers: total progressively motile sperm = con concentration x volume x % progressively motile sperm, determine insemination doses per ejaculate and females per season

20
Q

how are venereal infectious diseases evaluated on a BSE? (3) why evaluated?

A
  1. serology
  2. semen culture
  3. semen cytology

males are inapparent carriers of many venereal organisms

21
Q

in what animals is semen culture uncommon (1)? common? (2) what is normal to see on a semen culture?

A

uncommon: bulls
common: stallions and dogs

want to see a mixed culture!

22
Q

what are the 6 guidelines/parameters to be considered a satisfactory potential breeder in all species? give specific species requirements of the last parameter

A
  1. normal libido and gait
  2. no venereal diseases
  3. two scrotal testes
  4. minimum scrotal size
  5. normal genitalia
  6. acceptable semen quality
    -bull: greater than or equal to 30% progressive motility, greater than equal to 70% normal sperm, minimum age-appropriate scrotal circumference
    -dog: greater than or equal to 70% progressive motility, greater than or equal to 80% normal sperm, greater than or equal to 300 million to 1 billion total sperm (based on body weight)
    -stallion: greater than or equal to 1 billion total, normal, progressively motile sperm
23
Q

what are the 2 fates of a non-satisfactory ruminant breeder?

A

straight up unsatisfactory: cull (if think will not change)
defer classification: re-test in 2 months (if think transient damage has occurred)

24
Q

what is the fate of a non-satisfactory stallion or dog breeder?

A

companion! could still breed but manage client expectations

Endocrine/Repro (31 decks)

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