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Clinical neuropsychology > Parts of the brain! > Flashcards

Parts of the brain! Flashcards

1
Q

The brainstem is where the spinal cord enters the ___

A

Skull

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2
Q

Do brainstem structures perform both sensory and motor funtions?

A

Yes

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3
Q

The region DORSAL to the fourth ventricle performs ____

A

Sensory functions

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4
Q

The region VENTRAL to the ventricle performs ___

A

Motor functions

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5
Q

Many cranial-nerve nuclei convege at the brainstem and send there axons to the muscles of the head.

A

Yes!

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6
Q

What does the brainstem consist of?

A

Cranial-nerve nuclei as well as many bundles of fibres from the spinal CORD that pass through the brainstem on their way to the brain. Same goes the other way (from the forebrain to brainstem to spinal cord).

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7
Q

Does the brainstem regulatemany complex functions?

A

Yep!!

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8
Q

The most distinctive part of the HINDBRAIN is the _____

A

Cerebellum!

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9
Q

What is the cerebellums function?

A

For fine, coordinated movements.

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10
Q

Where is the cerebellum located?

A

It protudes above the core of the brainstem

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11
Q

What does the cerebellum look like?

A

Its surface is gathered into small folds (folia)

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12
Q

What do the several nuclei do at the base of the cerebellum?

A

They send connections to other parts of the brain!

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13
Q

What happens if there is damage to the cerrebellum?

A

Equilibrium problems, postural defects and impairments in motor activity.

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14
Q

What is the role of the HINDBRAIN structures?

A

Integrating both voluntary and involuntary body movement and contributes to cycles of waking and sleeping

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15
Q

Within the core of the hindbrains mixture of nuclei and fibres lies a network referred to as the ____

A

Reticular formation

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16
Q

What is the function of the reticular formation?

A

To control sleeping and waking (to maintain general arousal or consciousness). Otherwise known as the reticular activating system.

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17
Q

What do structures in the midbrain do?

A

1) Mediate a wide range of visual and auditory-related behaviours.
2) Produce orienting movements, in species-specific behaviours.
3) The perception of pain.

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18
Q

What are the 2 main subdivisions of the Midbrain?

A

The tectum (dorally located) and the tegmentrum (ventrally located).

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19
Q

The tectum recieves a massive amount of sensory input from the ___ and ____

A

Eyes and ears

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20
Q

The superior colliculi recieves projections from the ___

A

Retina of the eye. (they also mediate many visually related behaviours).

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21
Q

The inferior colliculi receives projections from the ___

A

Ear. They mediate many auditory-related behaviours.

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22
Q

Another class of behaviours mediated by the colliculi is the orientation of movemens related to sensory input such as…

A

Turning your head to look at the source of sound

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23
Q

The ____ is composed of nuclei related to motor functions

A

Tegmentrum

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24
Q

The red nucleus controls___

A

Limb movements

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25
Q

The substantia niagra is connected to the ___brain

A

Forebrain

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26
Q

What is the role of the substantia niagra?

A

Important for reward and initiating movements

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27
Q

The periacqeuductal grey matter is made up of cell bodies that surround the acqueduct joining the ___ and ___ ventricles

A

Third and Fourth

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28
Q

What is the role of the periacqueductal grey matter?

A

Contains circuits for controlling species-typical behaviours for example sexual behaviour and for modulating responses to pain.

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29
Q

The Diencephalon is located in the ___

A

Brainstem

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30
Q

The Diencephalon consists of three thalamic structures:

A

1) Hypothalamus
2) Epithalamus
2) Thalamus

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31
Q

Does the Hypothalamus interact with the pituitary gland?

A

Yes!

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32
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus?

A

Involved in nearly all aspects of motivated behaviour such as feeding, sexual behaviour, sleeping, temperature, emotional regulation, movement AND through its interacts with the pituitary gland- endocrine function (hormonal).

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33
Q

What is the largest structure in the Diencephalon?

A

The thalamus

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34
Q

How many nuceli does the thalamus have?

A

20 large nuclei, each which projects to a specific area of the cerebral cortex.

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35
Q

The group of 3 thalamic nuclei that relays information from sensory systems to their appropriate targets

A

1) Lateral geniculate body (LGB)
2) Medial geniculate body (MGB)
3) Ventrolateral posterior nuclei (VPN)

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36
Q

The LGB recieves…

A

Visual projections

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37
Q

The MGB recieives…

A

Auditory projections

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38
Q

The VLP recieves…

A

Touch, pressure, pain and temperature projections from the body.

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39
Q

The 3 thalamic nuclei areas project to the ___,____ and ___ regions of the cortex

A

Visual, auditory & somatosensory regions

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40
Q

Some thalamic nuclei relay information from other forebrain and brainstem regions

A

YES

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41
Q

Some thalamic nuclei relay information BETWEEN cortical areas

A

Yes, recieive info to and from.

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42
Q

All of the information recieived by the cortex is first relayed through the ___

A

Thalamus

43
Q

The forebrain consists of 3 regions..

A

1) Basal Ganglia
2) Limbic system
3) Neocortex

44
Q

What is the main role of the basal ganglia ?

A

Motor coordination

45
Q

What is the main role of the limbic system?

A

Emotion and memory

46
Q

What is the main role of the neocortex?

A

Sensory, motor and cognitive functions.

47
Q

What 3 structures make up the basal ganglia?

A

Globus pallidus, putamen and caudate nucleus

48
Q

The ganglia have functions related to movement and to___

A

Simple forms of learning

49
Q

Where is the basal ganglia located?

A

They are a collection of nuceli lying mainly underneath the anterior regions of the cortex

50
Q

Do the basal ganglia also have connections to the midbrain?

A

Yes! They have reciprocol connections with the substantia niagra in the mid brain tegmentum.

51
Q

What changes may occur if the Basal Ganglia is damaged?

A

Damage to different parts of the Basal Gangliacan produce changes in posture, increases or decreases in muscle tone and abnormal movement such as jerks, twitches or tremors.

52
Q

What 3 dieases of the basal ganglia illustrate its motor functions?

A

1- Huntingtons diesease:
2- Parkinsons diesease:
3- Tourettes syndrome:

53
Q

What is Huntingtons diesease?

A

A genetic disorder where cells of the B.G die progressively and associated with this cell death, many involuntary movemens of the body occur almost continuously.

54
Q

What is Parkinsons diesease?

A

Where the projections from the susbtantia niagra to the basal ganglia die. Associated with this cell death the patient becomes rigid and has difficulty moving and maintaining balance. The patient may also display rhythmical tremors of the hands and legs.

55
Q

What is Tourettes?

A

Another disorder of the BG, the most common symptom is involuntary motor tics- esp of the face and head and complex movements such as hitting, lunging or jumping. Also involuntary vocalisations.

56
Q

The 3 disorders of the BG are disorders of ____ movements

A

CONTROLLING

57
Q

The basal ganglia plays a huge role in the ___ and ____ of movement patterns, NOT in activiating the muscles

A

Control AND coordination

58
Q

Control and coordination of motor movements is 1 function of the BG. What is its second function??

A

To support stimulus-response (aka HABIT LEARNING).

59
Q

The basal ganglia are critical in learning the ASSOCIATION between taste and colour.

A

YES

60
Q

Many or our ___ are responses to sensory cues

A

Actions (habit based learning which involves the BG).

61
Q

The Limbic lobe (limbic system) consists of a number of interrelated structures. What are they called?

A

Amydala
Hippocampis
Septum
Cingulate cortex

62
Q

The nuceli that form the Amygdala and septum plays roles in ______ and ____ behaviours.

A

Emotional and species-specific behaviours

63
Q

What is the role of the Hippocampus?

A

Memory and spatial navigation

64
Q

The limbic lobe terminates in the ____

A

Amygdala

65
Q

The hippocampus contains many receptors for the stress hormone_____

A

Corticosterone

66
Q

The limbic structuress play roles in emotional and sexual behaviours but ALSO serve other functions in….

A

Memory, motivation, reward and navigation

67
Q

What is the primary function of the Neocortex?

A

To create and respond to perceptions of the world

68
Q

Is the Neocrotex heavily folded?

A

Yes! It is folded to allow the human brain to fit comfortably within the fixed volume of the skull.

69
Q

What are the names of the 4 lobes of the brain?

A

Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe and occipital lobe.

70
Q

The most obvious surface feature of the Neocortex is its crinkled tissue which consists of …

A

Clefts and ridges

71
Q

A cleft is called a ____ if its extends deeply enough into the brain to indent the ventricles.

A

Fissure

72
Q

If the fold is shallower then it is called a cleft or

A

Sulcus

73
Q

A ridge is called a…

A

Gyrus or ‘Gyri’

74
Q

The cingulate gyrus spans ALL FOUR neocortical lobes

A

True!

75
Q

Ridges are ____

A

GYRI

76
Q

Clefts are ____

A

SULCI

77
Q

Different regions of the cortex have different functions

A

True

78
Q

Inputs to the cortex are relayed through the ____

A

Thalamic nuclei

79
Q

Different regions of the Neocortex have different functions. For example…

A

Some regions recieve information from sensory systems, others command movements and others are the sites of the connections between sensory and motor areas.

80
Q

The Neocortex consists of a number of fields:

A

Visual, auditory, body senses & motor.

81
Q

Vision, audtion and body senses are functions of the ____ cortex

A

Posterior

82
Q

Parietal, temporal and occipatal lobes are considered largely as…

A

Sensory.

83
Q

Motor function is located in the ____cortex

A

Frontal

84
Q

Frontal lobes…

A

Motor function

85
Q

Parietal lobes…

A

Body senses

86
Q

Temporal lobes…

A

Auditory function

87
Q

Occipital lobes…

A

Visual function

88
Q

The association between a particular lobe of the brain with a particular function is rough but relates to that area of the brain being a ____projection area

A

Primary

89
Q

What projection area recieve sensory input or project to spinal motor systems?

A

Primary projection areas

90
Q

What projection area interpret sensory input or organise movement?

A

Secondary projection areas

91
Q

What projection area modulate information between secondary areas?

A

Association areas

92
Q

Does information flow from primary to secondary areas?

A

YES! And also from secondary areas to primary areas.

93
Q

Sensory projections from the EYE can be traced to the ___

A

Occipital lobe

94
Q

Sensory projections from the EAR can be traced to the ____

A

Temporal lobe

95
Q

Sensory projections from the SOMATOSENSORY system can be traced to the ____

A

Parietal lobe

96
Q

The OLFACTORY system sends projections to the ___

A

Ventral and frontal lobe.

97
Q

The secondary areas are LESS directly connected with the sensory receptors and motor neurons

A

True. The primary areas are. The secondary areas are more engaged with INTERPRETING sensory input or ORGANISING movements than are primary areas.

98
Q

Tertiary areas are all of the areas of the cortex that are NOT specialised for sensory or motor function.

A

True. This area instead MEDIATES complex activities such as language, planning, memory and attention.

99
Q

The neurons of the neocortex are arranged in ___ layers

A

6

100
Q

Are there connections between various regions of the cortex?

A

Yes!

101
Q

What connects one lobe of the brain to another and one part of the lobe to another part, and even one hemisphere of the brain to the other?

A

Axon fibres

102
Q

Damage to an area of the cortex almost certainly involes damaging 1 or more of its interconnecting pathways.

A

True.

103
Q

The various neocortical regions are interconnected by ___ types of axon projections. What are they?

A

Four.

1) Long connections between one lobe and another
2) Relatively short connections between one part of the lobe and another
3) Interhemisphereic connections betwen 1 hemisphere and the other
4) Connections through the thalamus

104
Q

What does it mean by the ‘crossed brain?’

A

That each of the brains symetrical halvess responds mainly to sensory stimulation from the CONTRALATERAL side of the body or sensory world and controls the muscles on the CONTRALATERAL side of the body.

Clinical neuropsychology (7 decks)

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