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A Level Physics > Particles And Radiation > Flashcards

Particles And Radiation Flashcards

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1
Q

4 fundamental forces

A
  • electromagnetic
  • gravitational
  • strong nuclear
    -weak nuclear
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2
Q

Exchange particle of electromagnetic force

A

Virtual photom

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3
Q

Exchange particle of gravitational force

A

Graviton

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4
Q

Exchange particle (boson) of strong nuclear force

A

Gluon (it only acts for a short amount of time due to a very short half-life, so only acts through small distances. However, when the protons are too close proton repulsion happens)

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5
Q

Exchange particle of weak nuclear force

A
  • W+ boson
  • W- boson
  • Z0 boson
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6
Q

Which forces can hadrons interact through

A

All 4 fundamental forces (can act through electromagnetic force if charged only)

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7
Q

Which forces can leptons act through

A

All fundamental forces, except strong nuclear, and only electromagnetic if charged

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8
Q

What are the 2 types of hadrons

A

Mesons and baryons

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9
Q

How many quarks in a meson

A

2 (quark antiquark)

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10
Q

How many quarks in a baryon

A

3

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11
Q

What mesons are there

A

π meson (pions):

π+, π-, π0

K meson (kaons):

K+, K-, K0

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12
Q

What are the types of baryons

A

P protons
n Neutrons
Σ Sigma

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13
Q

What are the types of leptons

A

e Electrons
Ve Electron Neutrino
µ- Muon
V µ Muon Neutrino

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14
Q

What is the only stable hadron

A

Proton

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15
Q

What is femto to the power of

A

10 to the power of -15

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16
Q

At what distances is the strong nuclear force repulsive/ attractive

A

-repulsive at separations up to 0.5fm
- then attractive up to a range of about 3fm.
- It has no effect after 3 fm

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17
Q

What are isotopes

A

Same number of protons, different number of neutrons

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18
Q

What does specific mean in physics

A

Per unit mass

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19
Q

What is an alpha particle

A

A helium nucleus

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20
Q

What is a beta particle

A

A fast moving electron

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21
Q

Electromagnetic repulsion

A
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22
Q

Electron capture/ electron proton collisions

A
23
Q

Beta minus decay

A
24
Q

Beta plus decay

A
25
Q

Why are protons and neutrons not fundamental particles

A

They have quarks

26
Q

What is a boson

A

An exchange particle

27
Q

Muon decay

A
28
Q

E=

A

Mc^2

29
Q

Electron annihilation

A
30
Q

Pair production

A
31
Q

Kaon decay

A
32
Q

What does the strong nuclear force act between

A

Hadrons

33
Q

When is strangeness conserved

A

In a strong nuclear interaction

34
Q

Why does diffraction of a particle change depending on its momentum

A

As momentum p = mv, a smaller momentum will result in a longer wavelength. The diffraction or spread of a wave passing through a slit depends on the wavelength- the longer the wavelength, the more the light spreads out.

35
Q

What is threshold frequency

A

The minimum frequency of light required to equal the work function energy

36
Q

Characteristic of a strange particle

A

Long lifetimes

37
Q

Sigma particle qualities

A

Quark structure: uus
Charge: +1
Strangeness: -1
Baryon number: +1

38
Q

What particles are fundamental

A

Leptons

39
Q

What is a fundamental particle

A

a subatomic particle that has no other particles attached to it

40
Q

Quark structure of a sigma baryon

A

suu

41
Q

Practical application of annihilation

A

in a PET scanner

42
Q

Exchange particle def

A

An exchange particle is a particle which gives rise to the force between two particles by acting as a carrier between them

43
Q
A
44
Q
A
45
Q

annihilation def

A

When a particle meets its corresponding antiparticle they both are destroyed and their mass is converted into energy in the form of two gamma-ray photons

46
Q

pair production def

A

When a photon interacts with a nucleus or atom and the energy of the photon is used to create a particle–antiparticle pair

47
Q

properties of antiparticles

A

Corresponding matter and antimatter particles have
Opposite charges
The same mass
The same rest mass-energy

48
Q

pair production diagram with nucleus

A
49
Q
A
50
Q
A
51
Q

Why is there a value for maximum kinetic energy of an electron leaving a surface

A
52
Q

Why are electrons emitted at discrete frequencies when they de-excite

A
53
Q

What is stopping potential

A

As the electrons are charged, they must do work, e × Vs, to move through this potential. The electrons will stop if all their kinetic energy is used up doing work against the potential.

A Level Physics (33 decks)

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