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Particle model of matter Flashcards

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AP® Physics flashcards Physics 101 flashcards
1
Q

To convert g/cm3 to kg/m3 you have to:

A

Multiply the g/cm3 value by 1000

per cm3 to per m3, multiply by 1,000,000 ( m3 = 1,000,000 larger)

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2
Q

What is the equation to calculate density?

A

Density = mass/volume

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3
Q

Unit for density?

A

kg/m³

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4
Q

Unit for volume?

A

m³

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5
Q

What is density?

A

A measure of how much mass a substance has per unit of its volume.

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6
Q

How would we calculate the density of a liquid experimentally?

A

-Place an empty measuring cylinder on a balance

-Zero the balance

-Pour the liquid into the cylinder

-Record it’s volume

-Record the mass of the liquid

-Use the density equation

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7
Q

How can we get more accurate estimates of density of a liquid?

A

Measure a larger volume.

Take multiple measurements to identify any anomalies and calculate a mean.

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8
Q

How would we calculate the density of a regular solid experimentally?

A

-Place the solid on a balance and measure the mass

-Find volume by measuring and then multiplying its length, width, and height

-Use the density equation

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9
Q

How would we calculate the density of an irregular solid experimentally?

A

-Place the solid on a balance and measure the mass

-Measure the volume by adding the solid to a Eureka can filled with water.

-Use the density equation

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10
Q

What is the symbol equation for density?

A

ρ = m/V

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11
Q

What can the particle model be used to explain?

A

-The different states of matter
-Differences in density

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12
Q

What is the arrangement and energy of the particles in a solid like?

A

-Particles are arranged neatly into ordered rows

-Particles are all closely packed and touching

-Particles vibrate in a fixed position (less kinetic energy)

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13
Q

Why are solids denser than liquids and gases?

A

The particles in solids are more tightly packed, with less space between them, than liquids or gases (the volume of solids is small).

So, density is higher because density is defined as mass per unit volume.

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14
Q

Why are particles in a solid in a regular lattice structure?

A

Strong forces of attraction between particles/bonds holds them close together.

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15
Q

Why are substances in the gaseous form less dense than liquids or solids?

A

The particles are widely spaced so the same number of particles occupies a larger volume than in a liquid or solid.

This leads to a lower density as density is defined as mass per unit volume.

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16
Q

Density of a liquid? (compared to a solid)

A

In a liquid, the particles are a bit more spread out, so the volume is slightly larger, resulting in a slightly lower density than a solid.

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17
Q

How do changes of state differ from chemical changes?

A

-They are physical changes

-The material recovers its original properties if the change is reversed

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18
Q

What is the arrangement and energy of the particles in a liquid like?

A

-Particles are arranged randomly

-Particles are less tightly compact than in solids

-Particles can move past each other (randomly)

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19
Q

What is the arrangement and energy of the molecules in a gas like?

A

-Molecules are arranged randomly

-Molecules are spread far apart

-Molecules are constantly moving with random motion (deflected randomly)

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20
Q

Why do molecules in a gas move around constantly, and very quickly?

A

They have a lot of kinetic energy.

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21
Q

What happens if we heat up a solid?

A

The particles gain more kinetic energy and so vibrate more.

Eventually, they will gain enough energy to overcome the strong forces of attraction holding them together.

This allows particles to break free of the solid lattice - ‘melting’.

This is known as the ‘melting point’.

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22
Q

What happens if we heat up a liquid?

A

The particles gain kinetic energy and so move around faster.

This weakens the forces of attraction holding the particles together.

At the ‘boiling point’, the particles have enough energy to break away from the forces all together - ‘evaporating/boiling’.

So, the liquid evaporates/boils into a gas.

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23
Q

What happens if we heat up a gas?

A

The particles gain kinetic energy and so travel faster.

If the container is expandable, gas will expand and so volume will increase

If the container is fixed, pressure will increase.

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24
Q

What happens if we cool down a gas?

A

The particles will lose kinetic energy and so won’t have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them.

Bonds will start to form between the particles, condensing the gas in to a liquid.

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25
Q

What happens if we cool down a liquid?

A

The particles will lose kinetic energy and so won’t have enough energy to overcome the forces of attraction between them.

More bonds will start to form between the particles, fixing them in place and freezing the particles into a solid lattice.

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26
Q

Will changes in state change the mass of a substance in a closed system?

A

No because the number of particles doesn’t change

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27
Q

Will changes in state change the volume of a substance in a closed system?

A

Yes.

This is because solids have a higher density.

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28
Q

500kg of a solid melts into a liquid. What is the mass of the liquid?

A

500kg.

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29
Q

What is sublimation?

A

The conversion of a substance from a solid to a gas without it becoming a liquid e.g. the vaporisation of frozen carbon dioxide (dry ice).

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30
Q

What is internal energy?

A

Energy stored in a system by its particles.

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31
Q

What is the internal energy of a system made up of?

A

The total kinetic energy and potential energy of all the particles that make up a system.

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32
Q

How can internal energy be changed?

A

Heating

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33
Q

What is temperature?

A

A measure of the average internal energy of all the particles in a substance.

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34
Q

Explain what happens to internal energy when a substance is heated?

A

-Thermal energy is supplied to the particles in the system

-This causes the kinetic energy of the particles to increase

-So the internal energy of the substance increases

-This leads to a change in temperature

(The increase in energy can be calculated using the equation △E = mc△θ)

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35
Q

What happens to the internal energy of a substance when it changes state?

A

-There will not be a change in the kinetic energy of the particles (so temperature will not change)

-There will be a change in the potential energy of the particles

-So internal energy will increase

-This energy can be calculated using the equation E= m L

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36
Q

What happens as we heat objects?

A

-Internal energy of the particles increases
-The object’s temperature increases

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37
Q

Why does temperature remain constant when a change of state occurs? (heating)

A

When a substance is changing state, the energy provided is being used to overcome the bonds holding the particles together rather than increasing the particles kinetic energy.

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38
Q

Why does temperature remain constant when a change of state occurs? (cooling)

A

When a substance is changing state, the energy provided is being used to form new bonds between particles which releases energy and counteracts the energy lost in the cooling process.

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39
Q

What is specific latent heat?

A

The energy required to change the state of 1kg of a substance without changing its temperature

(The amount of energy released by a change in state)

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40
Q

What is the specific latent heat of vaporisation?

A

The amount of energy required to change 1kg of a substance from a liquid to a gas.

(or the amount of energy released when 1kg of a substance changes from a gas to a liquid)

41
Q

What is the specific latent heat of fusion?

A

The amount of energy required to change 1kg of a substance from a solid to a liquid.

42
Q

What is specific heat capacity?

A

The energy required to raise the temperature of 1kg of a substance by 1°C

43
Q

What is the boiling point of water?

A

100°C

44
Q

What is the melting point of water?

A

0°C

45
Q

What is the specific latent heat equation?

A

E = mL

46
Q

How does heating change the energy stored within a system?

A

By increasing the energy of the particles that make up the system.
This either raises the temperature of the system or produces a change of state.

47
Q

What does an increase in temperature depend on?

A

-Mass of the substance heated
-The type of material
-Energy input to the system

48
Q

What is latent heat?

A

The energy needed for a substance to change state.

49
Q

When a change of state occurs, what does the energy supplied change?

A

-The energy stored by the particles (internal energy)
-Not the temperature

50
Q

What is the temperature of a gas related to?

A

The average kinetic energy of the molecules.

51
Q

What is pressure?

A

The force exerted per unit of area.

Pressure = force/area

52
Q

Why does increasing the temperature increase gas pressure?

A

Increasing temperature increases the speed of the particles. This leads to more frequent and harder collisions with the container’s inner surface, resulting in an increased pressure.

53
Q

Why does increasing the concentration of a gas increase gas pressure?

A

Increasing the number of particles means more collisions with the container’s inner surface, resulting in an increased pressure.

54
Q

Why does decreasing the volume of a gas increase gas pressure?

A

-Decreasing the volume of the container, whilst keeping the number of gas particles the same, will increase the concentration of the gas particles.

-So, in a smaller volume, collisions between the particles of gas and the walls of the container will be more frequent.

-A greater number of collisions per unit area of wall means the pressure increases.

55
Q

How do temperature and concentration affect volume in a flexible container? (e.g. a balloon)

A

Changes in temperature and concentration will change the volume of the container rather than the pressure.

56
Q

What is gas pressure?

A

The force exerted on the walls of a container by gas particles.

57
Q

Why do changes in temperature and concentration change change the volume of the container rather than the pressure when a container is flexible?

A

Any increase in the number and force of the collisions would just cause the container to expand, rather than increasing its pressure.

However, in reality both would increase as the e.g. balloon can only expand so much.

58
Q

How do gas particles move in a container?

A

Gas particles in a container move around randomly, bouncing off other particles and the walls of the container.

59
Q

Which factors can increase the pressure of a gas?

A

-More collisions with the walls of the container
-Faster moving particles

60
Q

Increasing the volume in which a gas is contained, at a constant temperature, can lead to…

A

a decrease in pressure. Because the molecules of a gas are moving in a constant random motion…

61
Q

Why are pressure and volume inversely proportional?

A

We can increase pressure by decreasing the volume.

62
Q

For a given amount of gas at a constant temperature…

A

Pressure x Volume = Constant value

63
Q

What is the unit for pressure? (p)

A

pascals, Pa

64
Q

p1 x v1 = ?

A

p2 x v2

65
Q

What is work?

A

The transfer of energy by a force.

66
Q

How can doing work on an enclosed gas lead to an increased temperature of the gas?

A

-Work is the transfer of energy by force.

-Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of particles.

-Energy will be transferred to the kinetic store of the gas particles in the object.

-An increase in internal energy (kinetic energy being part of this) means the temperature must increase.

67
Q

The size of an increase in the temperature of a system depends on what?

A

-The mass of the substance heated
-The type of material
-The energy input to the system

68
Q

What is the equation for specific heat capacity?

A

∆ E = m c ∆ θ

69
Q

What is the symbol for change in thermal energy?

A

∆E

70
Q

What is the unit for specific heat capacity?

A

J/kg °C

(joules per kilogram per degree Celsius)

71
Q

What is the symbol for temperature change?

A

∆θ

72
Q

Why might we measure a larger volume of liquid?

A

This minimises the effects of the uncertainty in taking your measurements.

73
Q

How do eureka cans work to measure the volume of irregular solids?

A

The solid will displace a volume of water exactly equal to its volume. This will flow into the measuring cylinder.

74
Q

Solids have …

A

… a fixed shape and volume.

75
Q

Liquids have a _______ ______ and can ____.

A

Definite volume
Change shape, flowing to fit a container.

76
Q

What explains the looser, flowing arrangement of particles in a liquid?

A

Weaker forces of attraction/bonds.

77
Q

Gases have ____ and particles _____.

A

No definite shape or volume…
…particles will always fill the space they’re in.

78
Q

What will happen to the potential energy of particles in a substance if condensing or freezing?

A

It will decrease (as the particles lose energy).

79
Q

What will happen to the potential energy of particles in a substance if melting or boiling?

A

It will increase (as the particles gain energy).

80
Q

Internal energy of a solid?

A

Solid state has the greatest potential energy and least kinetic energy.

81
Q

Internal energy of a liquid?

A

Liquid state has less potential energy than solid state, but more kinetic energy.

82
Q

Internal energy of a gas?

A

Gas state has less potential energy than liquid state, but more kinetic energy.

83
Q

What factors change the internal energy of a substance?

A

-Heat transfer

-Work done

-Matter transfer

84
Q

Why can’t solids be compressed?

A

Because their particles are already very close together and cannot flow.

85
Q

Why can’t liquids be compressed?

A

Because their particles are already very close together.

86
Q

Why can gases be compressed?

A

Because their particles are very far apart.

87
Q

What allows liquids to take the shape of their container?

A

The particles are in contact with one another, but they can still move. This allows a liquid to flow and take the shape of its container.

88
Q

How do we calculate change in momentum?

A

Force x time

89
Q

When a gas particle collides with the wall of its container, its momentum changes and it bounces back off the wall. This…

A

…exerts a force on both the particle and the wall.

90
Q

What are changes in momentum called?

A

Impulses

91
Q

Pressure formula

A

Pressure = Force/ Area

92
Q

Doing work on a gas increases the gas’ what?

A

Internal energy. This increases the temperature of the gas.

93
Q

In a pump, what does gas apply?

A

Pressure (and so a force) to the pump’s plunger.

You must work against this force to push the plunger down.

This work increases the kinetic energy and temperature of the gas.

So an expandable tyre will increase in volume.

94
Q

What are changes of state?

A

-Changes of state are physical changes.

-When a substance changes state, its mass is conserved.

-Changes of state occur when an object is heated or cooled enough that the forces between particles either increase enough for the particles to move apart from each other, or decrease enough that they move closer together.

95
Q

A student’s value for the specific heat capacity of water is larger than the accepted value. What could be the reasons for this?

A

Heat loss to the surroundings means that the actual amount of energy transferred into heating the water is less than the value read from the joulemeter.

96
Q

What is VIt equivalent to?

A

Change in internal energy

97
Q

Why does temperature remain constant as a substance changes state?

A

Energy is used to create or weaken bonds, rather than transfer kinetic energy to a substance’s particles.

98
Q

If we measure energy using the change in temperature, what energy transfer will not be measured?

A

Latent heat

Physics (8 decks)

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