Participatory Democracy, Decentralization and Local Goverannce

Question 1

word origin demokratia

Answer 1

demos = by the people
kratos = rule

Question 2

def. direct democracy

Answer 2

the citizens themselves assemble to debate and reach decisions on matters of common interests

Question 3

def. deliberative democracy

Answer 3

A perspective on democracy which emphasizes the value of public discussion among free, equal and rational citizens in giving legitimacy to decisions and in enhancing their quality

Question 4

def. representative democracy

Answer 4

citizens elect a parliament and, in presidential systems, a chief executive. These represnetatikves are usually held to account at the next election

Question 5

def. liberal demoracy

Answer 5

A version of representative democracy in which the scope of democracy is limited by consitutional protection of individual rights, including freedom of assembly, property, religion and speech. Free, fair and regular elections are based on near universal suffrage.

Question 6

def. illiberal democracy

Answer 6

A version of representative democracy in which rulers, once eleccted, govern with few limits and little respect for individual rights. To assist re-election, the president ensures favorable media coverage and often harasses political opponents, precluding any need to falsify the count.

Question 7

trend in voter turnouts over the past 50 years?

Answer 7

going down

Question 8

challenges of participatory democracy

Answer 8

inclusion (race, age, ethnicity, etc.)
involvement of multiple stakeholders (“ownership” of decisions)
accountatbility (social, legal, fiscal, political accountability)
success of public participation is not necessarily guaranteed

Question 9

Ladder of citizne participation (8)

Answer 9

*Non pariticpative
Manipulation
Therapy
*Tokenism
Informing
Consultation
Placation
*Citizen control
Partnership
Delegation
Citizen Control

Question 10

def. citizen control

Answer 10

have-nots handle planning, policy making, managing a programme

Question 11

def. delegation

Answer 11

citizens holding a clear majority delegate power to make decisions

Question 12

def. partnership

Answer 12

power is redistributed through negotiation between citizens and power holders. decision-making is shared

Question 13

def. placation

Answer 13

hand-picked “worthies”, decision-making with a few in power

Question 14

def. consultation

Answer 14

surveys, neighborhood meetings, public enquiries

Question 15

def. informing

Answer 15

one-way information

Question 16

def. manipulation and therapy

Answer 16

eachieve public support through public relations

Question 17

mechanisms to increase & deepen citizen participation (6)

Answer 17

political equality
popular control
inclusion
expressive freedom
deliberation
transparency

Question 18

Challenges to meaningful participation (7)

Answer 18

1) compromises/clashes of goods and principles
2) nature of public involved and the selection modes
3) amount of power attributed to the public and the incentive to participate
4) techniques and methods used
5) the timing of public involvement
6) the ability to manage conflicts
7) the role of public authorities

Question 19

How can combinations of these goods be enacted in different institutional settings? (6)

Answer 19

1) selection mechanism
2) agenda-setting capacity
3) form of engagement between citizens (and other actors)
4) roles in decision making
5) scale and transferability
6) resource implications

Question 20

six innovations

Answer 20

1) electoral innovations
2) consultation innovations
3) deliberative innovations
co-governance innovations
5) direct democracy innovations
6) e-democracy

Question 21

def. deliberative innovations

Answer 21

focus on improving the quality of engagement through inclusion

Question 22

def. co-governance innovations

Answer 22

aim to give citizens ongoing influence within political agenda-setting and decision-making process

Question 23

def. direct democracy innovations

Answer 23

provide citizens with final decision-making power on key issues

Question 24

def. e-democracy

Answer 24

online political engagement

Question 25

benefits of participatory democracy? (5)

Answer 25

increases citizens’ consensus
increases citizens’ awareness
creates equality and inclusion
encourages civic skills and virtues
increases legitimacy