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P Research Methods > Participant Sampling > Flashcards

Participant Sampling Flashcards

1
Q

why is a sample used?

A

it is used as researching the whole population/ target population is too expensive and time consuming. A sample is used hoping it can be generalised for target population.

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2
Q

What are the five types of participant sampling?

A

Systematic
Stratified
Opportunity
Volunteering
Random

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3
Q

how does random sampling work?

A

Every ppt has an equal chance of selection. They are all assigned a number and are then inputted into a computer number generator. The generator is asked to select the number of ppts required.

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4
Q

What is the strength to random sampling?

A

researcher cannot bias the results themselves

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5
Q

What is the weakness to random sampling?

A

when the sample is small there is a chance it will be biased.

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6
Q

What is opportunity sampling?

A

PPts are selected from who is present at the time the researcher is looking for ppts. To avoid bias, you must decide when and where you will conduct the study beforehand.

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7
Q

What is the strength to opportunity sampling?

A

One of the most easiest and quickest sampling methods.

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8
Q

What is the weakness to opportunity sampling?

A

A biased sample can occur if ppts are asked only at one time.

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9
Q

What is volunteer sampling?

A

Adverts like posters, emails or on social media platforms can advertise a study taking place and then PPTs can take place voluntarily.

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10
Q

What are the strengths to volunteer sampling?

A
  • Can reach a variety of ppts e.g reaching diverse ppts through ppts.
    -easy to run
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11
Q

What are the weaknesses to volunteer sampling?

A
  • strong influence of volunteer bias, ppts will only partake as they are interested in the topic.
  • The ppts may not represent the population, reducing validity to generalise results.
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12
Q

What is systematic sampling?

A
  • this is the alternative to random sampling as it may take too long, so every 10th person is asked (or any regular interval)
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13
Q

What is the strength to systematic sampling?

A
  • will not be influenced by investigator bias as it uses an objective method.
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14
Q

What is the weakness to systematic sampling?

A
  • it isn’t truly a random sample as ppts never had an equal chance in being selected.
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15
Q

What is stratified sampling?

A

this involves calculating ratios for each group and then select through random sampling the correct number of ppts needed.

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16
Q

Give an example of stratified sampling?

A

e.g if a workplace had 100 people, 60 women and 40 men, and wanted a stratified sample of 20 people.
It would be 12 women, 8 men.

17
Q

What are the strengths to stratified sampling?

A

-more representative than other types of sampling as it includes similar proportions of groups within the target population.
-not influenced by investigator bias, as it is random.

18
Q

What is the weakness to stratified sampling?

A
  • very time consuming as it includes the largest number of steps.
19
Q

What is snowball sampling?

A

This is used when it is hard to find ppts, when studying strong social issues, e.g heroin addiction. Addicts may not reply to adverts so a researcher meets them and they ‘gain their trust’ and asks them to partake in a research project. This then spreads throughout the community like a snowball gaining size.

20
Q

What is generalising?

A

the researcher wants to generalise results of a study from target population to another group of people. Generalising means, ‘used to also explain.’

21
Q

what makes a study more generalisable?

A

the larger the study/ sample including wider variety of people.

22
Q

define ecological validity

A

can you generalise the results from the study to the real world?

23
Q

what is mundane realism?

A

This is the same as ecological validity.

24
Q

define population validity

A

does the sample of ppts represent the population you would like to compare the sample to?

25
Q

define temporal validity.

A

can the results of a study be used to predict results behaviours in the future (predictive) validity.

26
Q

What is the main way reliability is improved?

A

improving consistency of instructions given to ppts.

27
Q

What is the rule to validity and reliability?

A

if research is valid, it must be reliable, therefore, if the data is not reliable it is not valid; however, if research is reliable this doesn’t guarantee that it’s valid.

28
Q

What are the 6 main issues with research?

A

Unethical
Demand characteristics- something that chances ppts behaviour
SDB
Researcher bias
Investigator effects
Hawthorne effect

P Research Methods (10 decks)

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