partial exam

Question 1

Indicate the INCORRECT statement about the neuronal doctrine:
a. It was proposed by Ramon y Cajal.
b. Postulates that neurons communicate by contact, not by continuity.
c. The Golgi stain was key discovery for the proposal.
d. Postulates that neurons merge their neuritis forming networks.

Answer 1

d. Postulates that neurons merge their neuritis forming networks.

Question 2

Indicate the INCORRECT statement about neurons:
a. Neurons are the most abundant cells in the brain.
b. Neurons can be classified according to the number of axons, according to its function and according to the type of neurotransmitter.
c. There is a unidirectional flow of information within the neuron.
d. Neurons can regenerate.

Answer 2

a. Neurons are the most abundant cells in the brain.

Question 3

Indicate the CORRECT statement about cell organization inside the neurons:
a. Actin filaments are essential in the transport of molecules in the neuron.
b. Microtubules provide structural support to the cell.
c. The reticulum endoplasmic is abundant in the terminal button.
d. Filopodia and lamellipodia are involved in the cell movement and axonal growth.

Answer 3

d. Filopodia and lamellipodia are involved in the cell movement and axonal growth.

Question 4

The membrane cell is electrically charged and can act as a capacitor because
a. It allows the selective flow of ions across the membrane.
b. It has permanent open channels across.
c. The ions have positive or negative charge.
d. All the above are correct

Answer 4

d. All the above are correct

Question 5

The action potential
a. Is all or nothing.
b. Has variations in amplitude.
c. Can sum.
d. Does not depend on the presence of ionic channels in the membrane.

Answer 5

a. Is all or nothing.

Question 6

Which of the following is NOT a step of the action potential?
a. There is an entrance of NA+ inside the membrane.
b. K+ channels open, promoting repolarization.
c. Ca2+ channels open and allow the entrance of Calcium.
d. During the refractory periods, K+ channels remain open.

Answer 6

c. Ca2+ channels open and allow the entrance of Calcium.

Question 7

When the brain lacks oxygen, the mitochondria stop producing ATP. What would be the consequence if the cell does not have ATP?
a. The neurotransmitter is released in the synaptic cleft.
b. The membrane is depolarized.
c. The Na/K+ pum stops working.
d. It generates an action potential (AP)

Answer 7

c. The Na/K+ pum stops working.

Question 8

The speed of propagation along the axon depends on:
a. The diameter of the axon.
b. The cytoplasm conductivity
c. The number of open channels d. All the above are correct

Answer 8

d. All the above are correct

Question 9

If you insert an electrode in both presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane, how could you determine if the synapsis was chemical or electrical?
a. Because I can detect gap junctions.
b. By determining the velocity of the transmission (fast or slow) between the cells.
c. By detecting the presence of neurotransmitter in the presynaptic cell.
d. It is not possible to know it.

Answer 9

b. By determining the velocity of the transmission (fast or slow) between the cells.

Question 10

If we administer a drug that decreases the calcium amount inside the cell:
a. It will promote the release of the neurotransmitter.
b. It will promote the activation of second messengers.
c. It will promote the reuptake of the neurotransmitter.
d. None of the above is correct.

Answer 10

d. None of the above is correct.

Question 11

Which of the following options is not a mechanism of drug action:
a. Inhibit the production of the neurotransmitter precursor.
b. Blockage of the neurotransmitter receptor.
c. Block the reuptake of a neurotrasnmitter.
d. Change the blood-brain barrier permeability.

Answer 11

d. Change the blood-brain barrier permeability.

Question 12

Metabotropic receptors
a. Have pores.
b. Are intracellular receptors.
c. Can be associated with protein G.
d. Directly depolarize the membrane.

Answer 12

c. Can be associated with protein G.

Question 13

Neurulation
a. Is the formation of the neural plaque from ectoderm.
b. Is the formation of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
c. Is the induction of the neural tube vesicles formation.
d. All the above.

Answer 13

a. Is the formation of the neural plaque from ectoderm.

Question 14

Select the INCORRECT relation from secondary vesicle - to derived structure:
a. Telencephalon à cerebral hemispheres.
b. Metencephalon à Cerebellum.
c. Prosencephalon à spinal cord.
d. Diencephalon à Thalamus.

Answer 14

c. Prosencephalon à spinal cord.

Question 15

The reward system is mesocorticolimbic system that is involved in releasing dopamine (DA) in response to rewarding stimuli to motivate adaptive behavior. More precisely, DA seems to be released:
a. When individuals experience a pleasurable stimulus.
b. Immediatly after individuals have received a rewarding stimulus.
c. Both during the anticipation and the consumption of rewarding stimulus.
d. When individuals anticipate a rewarding stimulus.

Answer 15

d. When individuals anticipate a rewarding stimulus.

Question 16

Which of the functions statements about catecholamines is INCORRECT?
a. They have a common precursor.
b. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine.
c. Their action is terminated by degradation.
d. They are involved in fight-or-flight response.

Answer 16

c. Their action is terminated by degradation.

Question 17

Which of the following statements about the gamma-aminobutyric (GABA) neurotransmitter is CORRECT?
a. GABA can have both inhibitory and excitatory effects.
b. Benzodiazepines are agonist of GABA.
c. Drugs that stimulate GABA actions increase anxiety.
d. GABA is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

Answer 17

b. Benzodiazepines are agonist of GABA.

Question 18

The striatum is composed of:
a. Hippocampus and amygdala.
b. Globus pallidus and substantia nigra. c. Substantia nigra and putamen.
d. Caudate and putamen.

Answer 18

d. Caudate and putamen.

Question 19

Imagine that the teacher suddenly screamed in class. As you jump pff your seat, what us likely to be happening in your brain?
a. My amygdala and my sympathetic system would respond to the situation.
b. My hippocampus would trigger a fight-or-flight response and my noradrenaline levels would increase.
c. My sympathetic system would respond, increasing dopamine levels in the hippocampus.
d. My parasympathetic system would respond, leading to an increase in noradrenaline levels.

Answer 19

a. My amygdala and my sympathetic system would respond to the situation.

Question 20

Select the INCORRECT statement about the somatotopic map and the homunculus:
a. It is located in the primary somatosensory cortex.
b. In the homunculus, body parts are scaled based on their importance
c. Body parts are randomly ordered in the somatotopic map.
d. It maps which areas of the cortex are most responsive to each body part.

Answer 20

c. Body parts are randomly ordered in the somatotopic map.

Question 21

For long-term potentiation to occur, the postsynaptic cell must receive excitatory inputs and…
a. It must be already depolarized.
b. It must co-occur with another, weaker input.
c. It must be already hyper polarized.
d. It must be stimulated at a high frequency.

Answer 21

a. It must be already depolarized.

Question 22

When Kandel repeatedly stimulated the syphon of the Aplysia with water (an innocuous stimulus), what did he observe at the behavioral level?
a. The defensive response eventually disappeared (habituation).
b. The defensive response was intensified (sensitization).
c. The defensive response remained the same (habituation).
d. The Aplysia fell asleep (boredom).

Answer 22

a. The defensive response eventually disappeared (habituation).

Question 23

In a stroke-induced lesion, what is the penumbra area?
a. The region where brain tissue unavoidably dies.
b. The region where cerebral blood flow cannot be restored (low oxygenation).
c. The region where cortical remapping will take place after the stroke.
d. The region where brain tissue may survive thanks to endogenous plasticity.

Answer 23

d. The region where brain tissue may survive thanks to endogenous plasticity.

Question 24

Select the CORRECT statement about transcranial magnetic simulation (TMS):
a. It can induce virtual lesions in cortical and subcortical regions.
b. The spatial resolution is better than in MRI.
c. It is considered an invasive technique.
d. A control group is not always necessary.

Answer 24

d. A control group is not always necessary.

Question 25

If you wanted to study the degree of preservation of the corticospinal tract in a sample of patients with stroke, which would be the appropriate technique?
a. MRI
b. PET
c. DTI
d. fMRI

Answer 25

c. DTI