PART2

Question 1

Using natural mechanisms to purposefully manipulate DNA. The DNA is manipulated outside of the cell, and then sent into the cell.

Answer 1

Genetic Engineering

Question 2

__________: enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences. Different enzymes will cut at different sequences.

Answer 2

Restriction enzymes

Question 3

______________: A method to detect what sizes of DNA a sample contains.

Answer 3

Gel electrophoresis (Southern Blot)

Question 4

______________: A process used to make many copies of a piece of DNA.

Answer 4

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Question 5

_____________: self replicating, circular piece of DNA that can survive in a cell.

Answer 5

Plasmid

Question 6

DNA/RNA Hybrid

Answer 6

nucleic acid hybridization

Question 7

Cuts DNA at specific sites, creating sticky ends.

Answer 7

Restriction Enzyme EcoRI

Question 8

A restriction enzyme with a ________________ cuts long DNA more frequently and produces smaller DNA fragments than a restriction enzyme with a _________________.

Answer 8

four-nucleotide recognition sequence

six-nucleotide recognition sequence

Question 9

Any given __________ occurs in DNA, on average, at a distance of ______ nucleotides.

Any given _________________ occurs, on average, at a distance of ______ nucleotides.

Any given __________________ occurs, on average, at a distance of ______ nucleotides.

Answer 9

four nucleotide long recognition site
256 (4^4)

six nucleotide long sequence
4096 (4^6)

eight nucleotide long sequence
65536 (4^8)

Question 10

____________ allows scientists to extract and analyze bits of microbial DNA from samples, meaning they don’t need to find and grow whole cells.

Answer 10

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 11

_____________ is an essential element in DNA fingerprinting and in the sequencing of genes and entire genomes. Basically, it’s like a technique to photocopy pieces of DNA. In a matter of a few hours, a single DNA sequence can be amplified to millions of copies.

Answer 11

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 12

____________ lets scientists work with samples containing even very small starting amounts of DNA.

Answer 12

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 13

The technique makes use of the DNA repair enzyme polymerase. This enzyme, present in all living things, fixes breaks or mismatched nucleotides in the double- stranded DNA helix. These breaks or mismatches could cause genes to malfunction if left unfixed.

Answer 13

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 14

Polymerase uses the intact half of the DNA molecule as a template and attaches the right nucleotides, which circulate constantly in the cell, to the complementary nucleotide at the site of the break. (DNA consists of two strands of nucleotide bases, which are represented as A, G, C, and T. In the laws of DNA base-pairing, A joins with T and G with C.)

Answer 14

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 15

Not all polymerases are created equal, however. Many fall apart in high heat.

Answer 15

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Question 16

PCR was developed in ______ following the discovery of an unusual heat-loving bacterium called ________ in a hot spring in __________.

Answer 16

1985, Thermus aquaticus, Yellowstone National Park.

Question 17

This bacterium’s polymerase, _________, does its job of matching and attaching nucleotides even in the high heat generated by the successive_________ cycles required during PCR. ______ made PCR possible.

Answer 17

dubbed Taq
“photocopying”
Taq

Question 18

Inserting a DNA Sample into a Plasmid

Answer 18

Plasmid and Cloning

Question 19

________ is the process of introducing a circular piece of DNA called a plasmid into a bacterial cell.

Answer 19

Plasmid insertion

Question 20

How the Insulin Gene is Transferred

Answer 20

Plasmids are small circles of DNA found in bacterial cells, separate from the bacterial chromosome.

Restriction enzymes cut across the two strands leaving loose ends to which cDNA can be attached.

Special linker sequences are added to the human cDNA so that it will fit precisely into the loose ends of the opened plasmid DNA ring

The plasmid containing the human gene is now ready to be inserted into a living organism.

Question 21

Cloning the Human Insulin Gene

Answer 21

The plasmid enters the bacterial cell and reproduces itself. When the bacterial cell divides, the plasmids are shared out between the two daughter cells and the plasmids continue to reproduce.

In this way a clone of identical cells is formed and if the human gene incorporated encodes for the hormone insulin, then such a clone can provide a reliable insulin source