PART 1 Flashcards
How cellular information is
altered? List
- Mutation and Selection
- Natural Mechanisms for Gene Transfer and Rearrangement
- Genetically Engineering Cells
- Genomics
How cellular information is
altered?
We can alter cells by using mutation or genetic engineering.
Mutation is subjecting the cells to stress causing changes in the genetic make-up. Genetic engineering is the purposeful transfer of DNA from one type of organism to another.
______ = mistakes in the genetic code (can arise from replication and/or damage)
Mutations
______ = organism with a genetic mutation
Mutant
______ = the organism without the genetic organism
Wild type
______ = genetic construction of an organism (Genes)
Genotype
______ = characteristics expressed by an organism. (response)
Phenotype
______ = usually refers to transcription + translation + posttranslation processing
Expression
Consequences - base change may or may not result in an amino acid change.
Point mutation: single base change
______: confers upon the mutant an advantage for growth, survival or detection under a set of environmental conditions that the wild type does not have.
Selectable mutation
Examples of Selectable mutation
Antibiotic resistance
Ability to grow on toluene
Inability to produce lysine
Ability to produce bioluminescence
Ability to produce more of an enzyme
Inability to grow at higher temperatures
a technique used to estimate the concentration of microorganisms in a sample.
SERIAL DILUTION PLATING
Natural Mutation Rates
10^-3 -10^-9 mutations per cell conversion
10^-6 = 1 mutation/1,000,000 divisions
_________: chemicals, radiation
Mutagens
Lots of growth (i.e. lots of divisions)
Increase Mutation Rates
Why do we want to Increase mutations?
We want a cell to develop specific characteristics that are advantages for us.
For example, removing feedback inhibition of lysine to increase lysine production
Once the DNA is inside the cell it can remain separate from the chromosome in self-replicating plasmid, or integrate into the chromosome. To integrate, the DNA must be complementary to the chromosomal DNA on the ends.
Natural Gene Transfer/Rearrangement
_____________: uptake of free DNA by a cell. The cell membrane has to be permeable to DNA.
Transformation
_____________: DNA is carried into the call in a phage.
Transduction
_________: Cell to cell transfer of DNA.
Also called mating.
Conjugation
Using ______________ engineers and microbiologists were able to increase penicillin from 0.001 g/L to 50 g/L.
Mutation and Selection
