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Part uno 0424FA Flashcards

1
Q

neuroectoderm

A

CNS neurons.
ependymal cells.
oligodendroglia.
astrocytes.

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2
Q

neural crest

A

Schwann cells.

PNS neurons.

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3
Q

mesoderm

A

microglia (from monocytes)

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4
Q

astrocyte function

A
  1. physical support
  2. K+ metabolism
  3. removal of excess NT
  4. maintenance of BBB
  5. repair - REACTIVE GLIOSIS
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5
Q

microglia function

A

CNS phagocytes/scavenger cells

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6
Q

microglia change with HIV infx

A

fuse to form multinucleated giant cells in CNS

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7
Q

oligodendroglia function

A

myelinate multiple CNS axons.

destroyed in MS.

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8
Q

Schwann cell function

A

myelinate ONE PNS axon.
promote axonal regeneration.
destroyed in Guillain-Barre syndrome.

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9
Q

free nerve endings (sensory)

A

C: slow, unmyelinated fibers.
Adelta: fast, myelinated fibers.

location: all skin, epidermis, some viscera
senses: pain and temp

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10
Q

meissners corpuscles (sensory)

A

large, myelinated fibers.

location: glabrous (hairless) skin
senses: position sense, dynamic fine touch (manipulation). quick adaptation.

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11
Q

pacininian corpuscles (sensory)

A

large, myelinated fibers.

location: deep skin layers, ligaments, joints.
senses: vibration, pressure

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12
Q

merkels disks (sensory)

A

large, myelinated fibers.

location: hair follicles
senses: position sense, static touch (shapes, edges, textures). slow adaptation.

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13
Q

norepinephrine

A

synthesized in locus ceruleus.

increased in anxiety.
decreased in depression.

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14
Q

dopamine

A

synthesized in ventral tegmentum and substantia nigra.

increased in schizophrenia.
decreased in Parkinson, depression.

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15
Q

serotonin (5-HT)

A

synthesized in raphe nucleus.

decreased in anxiety, depression.

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16
Q

ACh

A

synthesized in basal nucleus of Meynert.

increased in REM sleep.
decreased in Alzheimer, Huntington.

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17
Q

GABA

A

synthesized in nucleus accumbens.

decreased in anxiety, Huntington.

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18
Q

decreased NTs in depression

A

NE
dopamine
serotonin

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19
Q

BBB

A
  1. tight junctions between nonfenestrated cap endo cells
  2. basement membrane
  3. astrocyte foot processes

permeated by hypothalamic inputs/outputs (area postrema, OVLT, neurohypophysis)

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20
Q

area postrema

A

responds to emetics.

vomiting after chemo.

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21
Q

OVLT

A

senses changes in osmolarity.

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22
Q

vasogenic edema

A

destruction of endo cell tight junctions in BBB. caused by infarction and/or neoplasm.

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23
Q

hypothalamus functions

A 
Thirst and water balance.
Adenohypophysis control.
Neurohypophysis hormone production.
Hunger.
Autonomic regulation.
Temp regulation.
Sexual urges.

“TAN HATS”

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24
Q

hypothalamus hormone production

A

ADH from supraoptic nucleus.

oxytocin from paraventricular nucleus.

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25
lateral area of hypothalamus
hunger. inhibited by leptin. destruction: anorexia, FTT.
26
ventromedial area of hypothalamus
satiety. stimulated by leptin. destruction: hyperphagia.
27
anterior hypothalamus
cooling, parasymp.
28
posterior hypothalamus
heating, symp.
29
suprachiasmatic nucleus of hypothalamus
circadian rhythm
30
limbic system
``` cingulate gyrus. hippocampus. fornix. mammillary bodies. septal nucleus. ```
31
limbic system functions
``` 5 F's feeding fleeing fighting feeling sex ```
32
cerebellum input nerves
climbing and mossy fibers - stimulate contralateral cortex to modulate mvmt. via middle cerebellar peduncle (contralateral cortical input) and inferior cerebellar peduncle (ipsilateral proprioceptive info).
33
cerebellum output nerves
Purkinje fibers to deep nuclei to superior cerebellar peduncle to cortex
34
lateral cerebellum
voluntary mvmt of extremities
35
medial cerebellum
balance. truncal coordination. ataxia. *injury: fall toward injured side
36
basal ganglia function
voluntary mvmts and postural adjustments. | input and output from cortex.
37
basal ganglia components
striatum + lentiform ``` striatum = putamen + caudate lentiform = putamen + globus pallidus ```
38
Parkinson disease
degenerative CNS disorder. loss of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra pars compacta (increase inhibitory pathway). excessive cholinergic activity.
39
Parkinson features
Lewy bodies: alpha synuclein (intracellular inclusion) resting Tremor (pill-rolling) cogwheel Rigidity Akinesia Postural instability "TRAP"
40
hemiballismus
damage to contralateral subthalamic nucleus. often due to lacunar stroke in HTN pt. lose inhibition of thalamus thru globus pallidus. sudden, wild flailing of 1 arm and/or leg.
41
Huntington disease
AD trinucleotide repeat disorder [CAG]. atrophy of striatal nuclei (putamen and caudate). neuronal death via NMDA-R binding of glutamate. caudate loses ACh and GABA - decreased inhibition of mvmt.
42
Huntington features
``` chorea aggression depression dementia athetosis (snakelike writhing) ```
43
myoclonus
sudden, brief muscle contraction (jerks, hiccups). | damage to nucleus ambiguus of medulla.
44
dystonia
sustained, involuntary muscle contractions
45
essential/postural tremor
ACTION TREMOR (worsens when holding posture). AD with pos fam hx. alcohol decreases tremor. treat with beta blockers.
46
resting tremor
most noticeable distally. | pill-roll in parkinson.
47
intention tremor
slow zigzag motion when pointing toward a target. | assoc. with cerebellar dysfunction.
48
ataxia
lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements
49
central pontine myelinosis
destroy white matter in PONS. caused by very rapid correction of hyponatremia. sx: acute bilateral paralysis (LOCKED IN SYNDROME). dysarthria, dysphagia, diplopia, loss of consciousness. MRI: increased signal in pons.
50
aphasia
higher order inability to speak
51
dysarthria
MOTOR inability to speak
52
Broca aphasia
nonfluent aphasia with intact comprehension (can't speak, can understand). Broca's area = inferior frontal gyrus
53
Wernicke aphasia
fluent aphasia with impaired comprehension (can't understand, can speak). Wernicke's area = superior temporal gyrus
54
global aphasia
nonfluent aphasia with impaired comprehension. BOTH Broca and Wernicke's areas are affected.
55
conduction aphasia
POOR REPETITION but fluent speech and intact comprehension. damage to ARCUATE FASCICULUS - connection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas. can't repeat "no ifs, ands or buts"
56
parkinson tx: AGONIZE dopamine receptors
bromocriptine (ergot) pramipexole ropinirole (non-ergot)*
57
parkinson tx: increase dopamine
amantadine: increase release. also used in rubella. tox: ataxia. L-dopa + carbidopa: converted to dopamine in CNS.
58
parkinson tx: prevent dopamine breakdown
selegiline: selective MAO type B inhib. entacapone, tolcapone: COMT inhib - prevent L-dopa degrad.
59
parkinson tx: curb excess cholinergic activity
benztropine: antimuscarinic - improves tremor and rigidity. no help for bradykinesia. good for drug-induced PD caused by antipsychotics.
60
L-DOPA (LEVODOPA) + CARBIDOPA
MOA: increase dopamine in brain. L-dopa can cross BBB, converted to dopamine by dopa decarboxylase in CNS. tox: arrhythmias from peripheral conversion. long term: dyskinesia with admin, akinesia btn doses. contraindicated: drug-induced PD, can precipitate psychosis. * carbidopa = peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor given to increase bioavailability of L-dopa in brain; limit peripheral SEs
61
SELEGILINE
MOA: selectively inhibits MAO-B, which metabolizes dopamine over NE and 5HT. ADJUNCT to L-dopa in PD tx. tox: may enhance SE of L-dopa.
62
alzheimer tx: memantine
MOA: NMDA receptor antagonist. prevent excitotoxicity via Ca2+. tox: dizziness, confusion, hallucinations.
63
alzheimer tx: donepezil, galantamine, rivastigmine
MOA: AChE inhibitors. tox: nausea, dizziness, insomnia.
64
huntington tx
disease characterized by increased dopamine, decreased GABA/ACh. reserpine + tetrabenazine to deplete amines. haloperidol to antagonize dopamine receptor.
65
sumatriptan
MOA: 5HT 1B/1D AGONIST. cause vasoconstriction, inhibition of trigeminal activation and vasoactive peptide release. half life < 2 hrs.
66
sumatriptan use
acute migraine, cluster HA attacks
67
sumatriptan tox
coronary vasospasm - contraindicated in CAD and prinzmetal's angina. mild tingling.
68
thalamus
major relay for all ascending SENSORY information EXCEPT OLFACTION
69
VPL nucleus
input: spinothalamic; dorsal column (medial lemniscus) pathways info: pain/temp; pressure, touch, vibration, proprioception destination: primary somatosensory cortex
70
VPM nucleus
input: trigeminal; gustatory pathways info: face sensation; taste destination: primary somatosensory cortex
71
LGN
input: CN II info: vision destination: calcarine sulcus
72
MGN
input: superior olive and inferior colliculus of tectum info: hearing destination: auditory cortex of temporal lobe

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