part two Flashcards
attention is
limited & selective
does multitasking exist
NO
three phases of memory
encoding phase
storage phase
retrieval phase
memory is not a recording, but a
reconstruction
the multi-store model of memory is also known as
the atkinson-shiffrin model
stages of the multi-store model of memory
sensory memory to short-term to long-term
how to retain something from sensory memory to short/long-term memory
rehearsal
what puts a memory into short-term memory? what about long-term
short term: maintenance rehearsal
long-term: elaborative rehearsal
four components of the working memory
- phonological loop: auditory info
- visuospatial sketchpad: visual info
- episodic buffer: integrates info, links to LTM
- central executive: control centre, directs attention
types of explicit memory
episodic
semantic
types of implicit memory
classical conditioning
priming
procedural
context-dependent memory
memory enhancement that occurs when the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
state-dependent memory
memory enhancement that occurs when one’s internal state during the recall situation is similar to the encoding situation
schemas can be helpful, but can also lead to
biases
reconsolidation
occurs every time a memory is activated
proactive interference
when prior information inhibits the ability to remember new information
retroactive interference
when new information inhibits the ability to remember old information
the sapir-whorf hypothesis
the structure of a language determines a native speaker’s perception and categorization of experience
where is broca’s area located
the left frontal lobe
where is wernicke’s area located
the left temporal lobe
how has people’s view on bilingualism changed
it used to be thought to impair intelligence
benefits of bilingualism
mental flexibility
advantages in executive control
may help fight diseases such as dementia
bandura’s social learning theory phases (2)
attention & retention
working memory unit capacity
7 +/- 2
chunking
organizing information into meaningful units
what kinda of question cause better recall
semantic, as it makes connections to existing information
forgetting curve
words in intermediate position in a sequence are less likely to be remembered compared to words in the primary and recency positions
what percentage of eyewitness testimony has been faulty in DNA exoneration cases
75%
categorization
the process of grouping things based on shared information
concept
a mental representation that groups objects, events, or relations around common themes
basic level categories of language are
easiest to pronounce
most often used in conversation
in the middle of the ‘word hierarchy’
e.g. chair instead of furniture (broad) or arm chair (specific)
classical categorization
objects are categorized according to a certain set of rules or set of features
prototype model
objects are categorized according to how closely they resemble the prototype of the category
exemplar model
instead of one specific prototype, all members of the category that we have encountered form the concept
rule-based appraoch
classical categorization
resemblance-based
prototype or exemplar models
which culture sees taxonomic and which sees thematic? What about holistic thinking and analytic?
western: taxonomic & analytic
eastern: thematic & holistic
